On the preservation of copula structure under truncation

The author characterizes the copula associated with the bivariate survival model of Clayton (1978) as the only absolutely continuous copula that is preserved under bivariate truncation.     

六经注我,我注六经--简述陆九渊的经学思想

南宋心学创始人陆九渊对传统经学采取尊重与怀疑的辩证态度,这是由他立学的宗旨和问学的态度决定的。他主张自立、自得、独立思考、大胆疑问,也因此形成了“六经注我,我注六经”的精神,创立了心学一系。象山经学可说是传统经学的心学化。其心学开一代学风,对推动中国学术的向前发展具有重要意义和价值。     

《汉学师承记》的学术史价值

清代乾嘉时期学术考证名家辈出,成果丰硕,治学方法迥异于前代。江藩《汉学师承记》的著成,客观上正符合对此进行适时总结之需要。本书第一次将乾嘉考证学作为学术史的重要的发展作了总结性的考察,梳理出其演进的脉络,评价其意义,此一总结性研究从整个清代而言未有出其右者。此书又一成功之处,是不停留在论述学者的生平行事和著述的主要内容等项,并且着力摹写他们的治学特色和精神风貌。     

初中语文“以读促写”教学策略探析

在语文教学中,阅读与写作的地位不容忽视,二者相辅相成,不可分割。但当下初中语文教学中却常常将阅读与写作割裂开来,本文针对这一现象进行深入剖析,在探寻原因的同时提出建议,力求在初中语文教学中真正落实读写结合,使读写交融、读写共生,真正做到“以读促写”,从而全面培养学生各方面的能力,促进学生语文核心素养的形成。     

王阳明“狂者胸次”与“圣人气象”的趋融

《尚书》中的“惟圣罔念作狂,惟狂克念作圣”在后世经学阐释中逐渐开启了“狂”与“圣”之间的分野,宋代以降屡有对“狂”“圣”分野的质疑与重释,明代关于“狂”与“圣”的讨论开始往“心学”之路上走。王阳明在致良知的思想框架中阐释“狂”及“狂者胸次”,“圣”及“圣人气象”。王阳明认为,狂者依良知真是真非而行,在行为上“嘐嘐圣人而行不揜”,有“凤凰翔于千仞气象”。他提出“圣人之道,吾性自足”,将成圣的根据牢牢安置于人的内心,“圣人之学,惟是致此良知而已”,将圣人之道与自己的致良知之学绾合起来,高屋建瓴地提出“圣人气象不在圣人而在我”。在他的思想中“狂”与“圣”渐趋弥合,在他的人格上“狂者胸次”与“圣人气象”也渐趋融合。“狂者胸次”与“圣人气象”趋融的关捩就在于“裁”。以“致良知”裁之,“狂”之资与“圣”之质在阳明的人格上趋于圆融自如。     

宋代君臣讲论《尚书》考

宋代士大夫坚持"示人主以轨范"的《尚书》观,推崇《尚书》的皇帝教育意义,并针对时弊援引、阐释《尚书》,提出皇帝治国理政必须秉持的原则和应当采取的措施,以经典和圣人的名义规范时君的行为.有些皇帝也认同"轨范"之说,或自觉而勤勉地听讲、阅读《尚书》,或借助《尚书》昭示效法圣王的决心.此外,《尚书》在宋代还被视作为臣的楷模.皇帝通过御赐、引释《尚书》等方式勉励大臣效法上古贤臣,积极劝谏、辅佐君主.皇帝和士大夫不断回溯《尚书》中唐虞三代的政治场景,由文本给予的共同回忆努力构建共同的价值,增进彼此认同,并支撑自身的合法性,共享经典文本的权威.     

“健康丝绸之路”构建的“政府—社会”复合路径

借鉴社会运动理论,可探索一种融合了政府自上而下和社会自下而上进程的“政府—社会”复合路径,以构建“健康丝绸之路”。社会运动理论的三种视角可为这种复合路径的具体实施与需要关注的环节带来重要启发：首先,当前新冠肺炎疫情的跨国传播暴露了全球公共卫生治理体系存在的严重不足,凸显出构建补充型国际卫生合作模式的必要性与紧迫性;其次,推进“健康丝绸之路”的构建,需要政府和社会层面的协作,将“一带一路”沿线国家的资源充分调动起来,形成优势互补与资源共享。与此同时,要推进健康话语体系的完善,如倡导和促进“人类卫生健康共同体”理念的传播,通过话语和心理共鸣等民心相通的途径,促使国际社会采取联合行动以共同应对全球公共卫生危机。     

De minimis and equity in risk

Indices and orderings are developed for evaluating alternative strategies in the management of risk. They reflect the goals of reducing individual and collective risks, of increasing equity, and of assigning priority to the reduction and to the equity of high risks. Individual risk is defined as the (random or non-random) level of exposure to a danger. In particular the role of a lower negligibility level is investigated. A class of indices is proposed which involves two parameters, a negligibility level and a parameter of inequality aversion, and several interpretations of the indices are discussed. We provide a set of eight axioms which are necessary and sufficient for this class of indices, and we present an approach to deal with partial information on the parameters.     

Correlates of honor ratings in a clinical clerkship employing a faculty forum evaluation system

5he purpose of this study was to determine whether or not suspected variables affected a surgery clerk's chances of being awarded an honor rating. Findings indicated a significant relationship between a student receiving an honor rating and his or her preceptor's predetermined level of student advocacy, the number of completed patient interview and physical examination write-ups, and final examination scores. There was no significant relationship found between honor ratings and the preceptor's status, the sequence in which the student was discussed or the length of time spent discussing the student at the final evaluation meeting, or the number of clinical faculty present at the meeting. These results lend support to the faculty forum evaluation approach, but suggest a need for further scrutiny of some influencing variables to ensure all students are fairly considered and honor ratings judiciously awarded.     

Physician perceptions of medical malpractice and defensive medicine

Using judgments obtained in interviews with 33 Massachusetts physicians, the annual statewide volume of expenditures incurred for defensive medical reasons in 1982 was estimated to be $1.0 billion, 12% of all medical care expenditures. Estimates for the nation were $37 billion, 14% of expenditures. Nationally, 180,000 cesarean deliveries were thought to be performed for defensive motives. In their own institutions, respondents judged 43% of all skull x-rays following injury to be medically justified, 30% to be defensive medicine, 16% to be placebos, and 11% to be physician misjudgments. In considering the economic and noneconomic costs of medical malpractice procedures, the dollar costs of insurance were considered most serious, followed closely by defensive medicine, unfairness, and poorer relations with patients. Thirty-two percent of the responsibility for the negative aspects of malpractice processes was assigned to lawyers, 21% to physicians, 18% to legislatures and courts, 16% to patients, and 13% to insurance companies.