Contributors to well-being of Chinese left-behind families: A dyadic perspective from family resilience and grandparent–grandchild relationship

There is evidence that grandchildren and grandparents in Chinese left-behind families (CLBF) suffer from immense life stressors. The well-being of both generations is of great concern. Guided by the family adjustment and adaptation response model and ecological model of well-being, the present study aimed to investigate the dyadic associations between family resilience and subjective well-being (SWB) of left-behind grandchildren and grandparents. Furthermore, we explored the extent to which relationship quality accounts for such reciprocal associations. A sample of 130 left-behind grandparent–grandchild (GP–GC) pairs completed self-reported questionnaires. Actor–partner interdependence model (APIM) revealed that both grandchildren's and grandparents' reported family resilience positively associated with their own SWB but not the other's SWB. Grandchildren's and grandparents' perceived relationship quality mediated the association between their perceived family resilience and their own SWB. Moreover, grandchildren-perceived relationship quality mediated the association between grandchildren-perceived family resilience and grandparents' SWB. Meanwhile, grandparent-perceived relationship quality mediated the association between grandparent-perceived family resilience and grandchildren's SWB. The findings highlighted the significance of family resilience and relationship quality in boosting the two generations' SWB in CLBF. The results also suggested that left-behind grandchildren and their grandparents depend on each other. Future intervention programs could be benefitted from integrating the enhancement of family resilience and improvement of grandparent–grandchild relationship quality to promote the well-being of left-behind family members.     

负性生活事件对高职学前专业学生主观幸福感的影响及链式中介效应分析

为深入剖析负性生活事件对高职学前专业学生主观幸福感的影响，并探讨反刍思维、心理韧性在负性生活事件与主观幸福感之间的链式中介作用，笔者选取贵州省、广西省、四川省五所高职高专院校2152名高职学前专业学生作为调查对象，采用负性生活事件量表、反刍思维量表、心理韧性量表以及主观幸福感量表进行问卷调查。结果表明：1）高职学前专业学生的负性生活事件平均得分为1.83，其中重度负性生活事件（4-5分）占比2.5%，中度负性生活事件（2-4分）占比28.6%，轻度负性生活事件（1-2分）占比68.9%。主观幸福感平均得分为4.52，其中高水平主观幸福感（5-7分）占比24.6%，中度水平主观幸福感（3-5分）为占比72.8%，低水平主观幸福感（1-3分）占比2.6%。2）男生在负性生活事件得分上高于女生，差异具有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。3）生活负性事件对主观幸福感的影响通过三条中介效应实现：反刍思维中介作用（39.1%），心理韧性的中介作用（20.5%），反刍思维与心理韧性的链式中介作用（19.6%）。     

A Subjective Spin on Roulette Wheels

We provide a simple behavioral definition of ‘subjective mixture’ of acts for a large class of (not necessarily expected‐utility) preferences. Subjective mixtures enjoy the same algebraic properties as the ‘objective mixtures’ used to great advantage in the decision setting introduced by Anscombe and Aumann (1963). This makes it possible to formulate mixture‐space axioms in a fully subjective setting. For illustration, we present simple subjective axiomatizations of some models of choice under uncertainty, including Bewley's model of choice with incomplete preferences (2002).     

Reducing midwife burnout at organisational level — Midwives need time,space and a positive work-place culture

BackgroundMaternity care organisations have a responsibility to ensure the health and welfare of their staff. Rates of burnout are high in midwifery compared to other professionals. Therefore, exploring how it can be reduced is imperative.AimTo explore with midwives the contributors to burnout and how best to reduce burnout in a maternity hospital in Ireland.MethodsA Participatory Action Research study involving Co-operative Inquiry meetings (n = 5) with practising midwives (n = 21) between October 2018 and March 2019, in a large, urban teaching maternity hospital in Ireland. The transcribed data were analysed using Thematic Network Analysis.FindingsSeveral recommendations were made for maternity organisations, to reduce or prevent burnout. These include improving workplace culture, increasing support and acknowledgement, offering time and space for debriefing and reflection and regular rotation of staff. Consistent staff shortages are, however, a barrier to adhering to these recommendations.ConclusionThis study is the first of its kind to offer an in-depth exploration with midwives into the main contributors of burnout and what can be done at an organisational level to reduce burnout among midwives. The findings of this study highlighted the importance of working relationships. Additionally, owing to the nature of midwifery practice, time and space need to be created for midwives to debrief and reflect. However, there is an urgent need for healthcare systems to combat staffing shortages in order for these strategies to be successful.