“趋利性”与新生代农村劳动力供给研究——基于哈里斯·托达罗模型的理论探析

伴随着后金融危机时代的到来,"民工荒"一直困扰着国内发达城市特别是东部沿海一带的中小企业发展,2011年初"民工荒"再度成为了全民关注的焦点,为此政府以及相关学者不断探求解决该问题的方法途径,以维持我国工业经济有序发展。本文基于哈里斯.托达罗模型的理论精神,通过扩展修正,借助于我国劳动力市场的特殊现状来研究阻碍新生代农民工城乡迁移的致因,并通过劳动力供给曲线从两个角度来阐析新生代农村劳动力供给问题。     

Allocating Capacity with Demand Competition: Fixed Factor Allocation*

We consider a supply chain consisting of a supplier and two retailers. The supplier sells a single product to the retailers, who, in turn, retail the product to customers. The supplier has limited production capacity, and the retailers compete for the supplier's capacity and are duopolists engaged in Cournot competition for their customers. When the sum of the retailers' orders exceeds the supplier's capacity, the supplier allocates his capacity according to a preannounced allocation rule. We propose a new capacity allocation rule, fixed factor allocation, which incorporates the ideas of proportional and lexicographic allocations: it prioritizes retailers as in lexicographic allocation, but guarantees only a fixed proportion of the total available capacity to the prioritized retailer. We show that (1) the fixed factor allocation rule incorporates lexicographic and proportional allocations from the perspectives of the supplier and the supply chain; (2) under fixed factor allocation, the supply chain profit is not affected by the allocation factor when it is greater than a threshold; (3) the retailers share the supply chain profit with the supplier depending on the value of the allocation factor; and (4) the fixed factor allocation coordinates the supply chain when the market size is sufficiently large. We also compare fixed factor with proportional and lexicographic allocations, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrate how the supplier can optimize his capacity level and wholesale price under fixed factor allocation.     

供应链中生产和分销系统的库存结构优化研究

供应链中的生产与分销系统可以看作一个树状结构的系统,其中生产部分以组装为基本运作形式而分销则以分散化为主要运作特征。对于一个完整的供应链运作系统来说,研究生产和分销系统库存结构的优化,影响系统运作的瓶颈分析等问题是非常重要的。本文应用整数规划模型给出了在库存规模一定的约束下,多个库存缓冲区的分配,采用了分解的方法给出了解决方案,并运用Tabu搜索的算法论述了解的获得过程,最后给出了一个算例分析。     

中小制造企业供应链一体化风险管理实证研究

经济全球化以及自然灾害的不可抗力,使中小制造企业面临巨大的竞争压力与生存压力。对浙江省数十家中小企业调查分析表明：企业的计划、采购、制造、配送及退货五个业务流程的供应链是环环相扣的,任何一个环节出问题,都可能影响供应链的正常运作。识别五个业务流程的关键风险因素,计算出关键风险因素的水平综合指数并进行排序,以此作依据构建中小企业供应链一体化风险管理体系结构模型,为供应链风险管理的实践提供了可操作性及指导性的技术手段。     

Bundling of Vertically Differentiated Products in a Supply Chain*

We consider a supply chain consisting of a single manufacturer and a single retailer. The manufacturer produces a basic and a premium product. If desired, a bundle of the two products might also be produced at a unit bundling cost. We allow either the manufacturer or the retailer to produce the bundle from the component products. All products, however, must be sold exclusively through the retailer. Using game theoretic models, we compare and contrast the equilibrium outcomes under retailer bundling and manufacturer bundling scenarios. We show that under manufacturer bundling, the manufacturer never offers the full product line composed of the basic product, the premium product, and the bundle, at equilibrium; while the same does not hold under retailer bundling. We show that total supply chain profit under retailer bundling weakly dominates that under manufacturer bundling and characterize the region in the parameter space where this domination is strict. We explore an extension where there is a capacity constraint in producing one or both of the component products and characterize the equilibrium outcomes. We show that unlike the infinite capacity case, offering the full product line is an equilibrium outcome under manufacturer bundling when the capacity of the premium good is limited.     

Strategic inventory deployment for retail and e-tail stores

In this paper, we study a supply chain comprising one manufacturer and one retailer. Customers can make purchases either from the retailer or directly from the manufacturer via an e-tail channel. From the manufacturer's perspective of managing the two channels, we study three different inventory strategies, namely centralized inventory strategy, a Stackelberg inventory strategy, and a strategy where the e-tail operation is outsourced to a third party logistics provider (3PL). For each strategy, we obtain the optimal inventory levels in retail and e-tail stores and the respective expected profits. We compare the performance of various strategies. Managerial insights are provided through analytical and numerical analyses to illustrate the applicability of different strategies.     

Single or dual sourcing: decision-making in the presence of supply chain disruption risks

The focus of this paper is placed on evaluating the impacts of supply disruption risks on the choice between the famous single and dual sourcing methods in a two-stage supply chain with a non-stationary and price-sensitive demand. The expected profit functions of the two sourcing modes in the presence of supply chain disruption risks are first obtained, and then compared so that the critical values of the key factors affecting the final choice are identified. Finally, the sensitivity of the buyer's expected profit to various input factors is examined through numerical examples, which provide guidelines for how to use each sourcing method.     

The single-period inventory problem: Extension to random yield from the perspective of the supply chain

A special form of the single-period inventory problem (newsvendor problem) with a known demand and stochastic supply (yield) is studied. A general analytic solution for two types of yield risks, additive and multiplicative, is described. Numerical examples demonstrate the solutions for special cases of uniform distribution yield risks. An analysis of a two-tier supply chain of customer and producer reveals that the customer may find it optimal to order more than is needed, since a larger order increases the producer's optimal production quantity.     

Mean–variance analysis of the newsvendor model with stockout cost

We study the risk-averse newsvendor model with a mean–variance objective function. We show that stockout cost has a significant impact on the newsvendor's optimal ordering decisions. In particular, with stockout cost, the risk-averse newsvendor does not necessarily order less than the risk-neutral newsvendor. We illustrate this finding analytically for the case where the demand follows the power distribution.     

法律供给及其影响因素分析

法律制度的生成、供给与创新一个以相关制度资源的最佳配置为核心的动态平衡过程。本文应用法律经济学的独特视角,研究了法律市场中的供求关系、探讨影响法律供求的诸多因素,进而指出,在现实社会中,由于经济政治结构和意识形态等相关因素不断发展变化,导致法律的供给也随之变动不居,使之难以达到与法律需求完全吻合的理想均衡状态。