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41.
胡铭 《海南大学学报(人文社会科学版)》2005,23(4):443-447
通过对500家上市公司的实证分析发现,产品竞争、金融压力和股东控制这三种外部因素同企业生产率成长率存在一定程度的正相关关系。垄断租金与价值增加值之比同企业生产率成长率负相关;利息支付额与现金流量之比同生产率成长率正相关;存在占支配地位的大股东控制会导致更高的生产率成长率。同时,也有证据显示金融压力和股东控制这两个因素能够替代产品竞争。 相似文献
42.
Pierre Filion 《Planning Practice and Research》2015,30(2):202-221
A major problem confronting planning is the gap between transformative proposals and enduring urban development trends. The paper interprets interviews with 62 planners involved in a sustainable urban development strategy in a large region focussed on Toronto, Canada. Surveyed planners were asked about the obstacles they encounter when attempting to modify prevailing urban development. Mentioned obstacles are consistent with expectations arising from three major perspectives on inertia: institutionalism, political economy and path dependence. Interviews also highlight the role of planners' practical knowledge in identifying and interpreting obstacles, and the existence of a consensus among respondents over sustainable urban development. 相似文献
43.
Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag diskutiert Tarif- und Zinseffekte anhand der begünstigten Besteuerung nicht entnommener Gewinne von Personengesellschaften,
die 2008 in Deutschland eingeführt wurde. Bei Eigenfinanzierung und Betrachtung von Grenzsteuers?tzen zeigt der Beitrag, dass
die Thesaurierungsbegünstigung stets nachteilig ist, wenn eine abgeltend besteuerte private Kapitalmarktanlage die Alternativanlage
darstellt. Müssen Gewinne thesauriert werden, weil Mittel im Unternehmen ben?tigt werden, so entf?llt die private Alternativanlage
und die Thesaurierungsbegünstigung kann bei hohen Zins- und Steuers?tzen vorteilhaft sein. Wird die Einkommensteuerprogression
berücksichtigt, zeigt der Beitrag, dass bei schwankenden Gewinnen die Thesaurierungsbegünstigung oftmals vorteilhaft ist,
auch gegenüber der Abgeltungsteuer. Bei fremdfinanzierten Investitionen kann die Inanspruchnahme der Thesaurierungsbegünstigung
sehr vorteilhaft sein, da die geringere Steuerzahlung bei Gewinnanfall den Umfang des ben?tigten Fremdkapitals mindert. Insgesamt
zeigt sich, dass sich Reformen von Steuertarifen wesentlich st?rker auf die Vorteilhaftigkeit von Investitionen auswirken
als Zinseffekte.
Tax reforms by tax rate effects or timing effects? An analysis based an the German tax privilege for retained earnings
Summary This paper analyzes two typical effects of tax reforms, tax rate effects and timing effects. The example chosen for the analysis is the tax privilege for retained profits of partnerships and sole proprietorships, which was implemented in Germany in 2008. Taking equity-financing and top marginal tax rates into account, the so-called tax privilege turns out to be a disadvantage under most assumptions. If the alternative investment is private capital income taxed at a flat-rate tax, the tax privilege will always be disadvantageous. If profits have to be retained and business income is the alternative investment, then the tax privilege will be advantageous in case of high income tax rates and interest rates. Analyzing progressive tax rates instead of top marginal tax rates reveals favorable results in case of fluctuating profits if the tax privilege is claimed. The same is true if debtfinancing is taken into account. All in all, the paper shows that a reform of tax rates influences the attractiveness of investments much more compared to timing effects.
相似文献
44.
Sagiv Moran Yamin Chen Amir Ruthie Yenon Nir 《European review of aging and physical activity》2007,4(2):77-84
The growth hormone–insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis is an important physiological regulator muscle for development.
Although there is evidence that aging muscle retains the ability to synthesize IGF-I, there is also evidence that aging may
be associated with attenuation of the ability of exercise to induce an isoform of IGF-I that promotes satellite cell proliferation.
However, it is clear that overexpression of IGF-I in the muscle can protect against age-related sarcopenia. Strength training
appears to be the intervention of choice for the prevention and treatment of sarcopenia. IGF-I has been implicated in the
loss of the muscle with age, and IGF-I expression levels change as a consequence of strength training in older adults. However,
it seems that advancing age, rather than declining serum levels of IGF-I, appears to be a major determinant of life-time changes
in body composition in women and men. We concluded that resistive exercise is a significant determinant of muscle mass and
function. Elevated levels of IGF-I have been found in physically active compared to sedentary individuals. Recent work suggests
that IGF-I as a mediator plays an important role in muscle hypertrophy and angiogenesis, both of which characterize the anabolic
adaptation of muscles to exercise. 相似文献
45.
本文在对人口素质的概念进行讨论及其构成进行分析的基础上.阐述了国内关于人口素质与经济增长关系的研究现状,而且使用离散系数法测度我国的人口素质水平,并将其作为一个变量引入生产函数,对我国人口素质与经济增长间的关系进行了实证研究,从定量角度说明了人口素质对社会经济发展的意义。 相似文献
46.
本文对基层民主自治进程中乡村计划生育政策落实的困境及出路进行了探讨。基层民主自治是我国的一项基本政治制度,实行基层民主自治是发展中国特色社会主义民主政治的重要内容。但是在乡村推行基层民主自治的过程中,乡村计划生育政策的落实陷入一些困境,这些困境集中表现为计生政策与村民生育愿望、与村委会选举、与社会保障体系、与利益导向机制及与其它相关部门和政策的冲突与矛盾。鉴于此,本文相对应地提出了加强宣传教育、完善村民自治、健全社会保障体系、健全舆论导向机制以及加强政策的同向性与协调度等对策建议,以期推动计划生育政策在乡村进一步落实。 相似文献
47.
48.
Martin Feldstein 《Journal of Policy Modeling》2018,40(3):503-508
49.
50.
Using country-level data from 2003–2014, we examine the association between auditing level (measured as number of verification actions taken by tax authorities per 100 taxpayers in each country) and tax compliance (measured as business executives’ perception of tax evasion). Our hypothesis is that compliance increases until a certain auditing level is reached, and decreases beyond that level (i.e., an elevated auditing level backfires). In line with our expectation, the results of a series of tests indicate that there is a U-shaped association between auditing and tax evasion. We discuss how a potential backfiring effect may depend on the extent to which compliance is voluntary. 相似文献