Cost–benefit analysis of a PMTCT program in Mozambique

The costs and benefits of a HIV/AIDS PMTCT program in a Mozambican city were calculated. The provision and non-provision of infant feeding formula were considered, along with voluntary counselling and testing, and anti-retroviral treatment with Nevirapine. Costs were calculated in monetary units and benefits as deaths averted and disability-adjusted life years. The UNAIDS cost-effectiveness tool for evaluating ARV drug and substitute feeding interventions was used. The costs of the program were compared with the costs of treating HIV-infected children. With no infant feeding formula, there would be a total savings of US$5242 and a negative cost per DALY of US$1.53 without infant feeding formula. With formula, net annual costs would be US$141,268 and cost per DALY US$38.69. Citywide, each year 132 infant deaths would be averted by use of Nevirapine and eight averted by the breastmilk replacement program. All program options have reasonable cost-effectiveness ratios.     

对氨基苯砷酸对生长猪血液部分生理生化指标及生产性能的影响研究

用30头体重35kg左右的去势纯种荣昌公猪随机均分为对照组和试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ,在相同基础日粮中依次分别添加0、30、60、90ppm和120ppm的对氨基苯砷酸进行饲养试验。试验结果:与对照组比较,日增重Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组依次提高10.79％,14.74％,13.42％和6.32％,其中Ⅱ组极显著地高于对照组和Ⅳ组(P<0.01),其余各组间差异不显著(P>0.05);每千克增重耗料均较对照组(3.52)低,而以Ⅱ组最低为3.27。各组试猪血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、血清谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、血清谷草转氨酶(GOT)含量均在荣昌猪正常生理指标范围内;血浆总蛋白(TP)在58.2—61.1g/L间变化(P>0.05)、血清白蛋白仅Ⅰ和Ⅳ组提高了13.7％和14.0％(P<0.05);血清球蛋白各处理较对照组降低,但差异不显著(P>0.05);血红蛋白Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅳ组较对照组有增加,但不显著(P>0.05);红细胞压积值(HCV)各处理组均有增加,仅Ⅳ组达P<0.05水平;血浆尿素氮浓度(BUN)与对氨基苯砷酸添加量呈y=6.2-0.07x 5.6×10~(-4)x~2二次曲线关系,试猪增重与血浆尿素氮浓度呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。     

Tea and Sympathy or Teetering on Social Work? An Investigation of the Blurring of the Boundaries Between Voluntary and Professional Care

As the voluntary sector, particularly the use of volunteers, has been promoted and given greater importance and responsibility by the government, and statutory personal social services have been attacked, the boundaries between voluntary and professional care have become blurred. This article investigates this phenomenon using data from a study of a Home-Start scheme, which employs two part-time professional workers to organize a pool of volunteers. It looks at the reality of the provision of voluntary care from the perspective of the volunteers, the organizers of the scheme, and those for whom they provide a service. The gender perspective is considered as a crucial aspect in the “blurring of the boundaries”. It is argued that the new rhetoric of the flexibility and adaptability of welfare provided by the voluntary sector hides the increasing use of women volunteers, to offer sophisticated and intensive care. This creates a dilemma. In some cases, the women volunteers and their organizers feel that the essential nature of the care and the responsibility they are expected to take on are inappropriate and should be fulfilled by professional workers. On the other hand, the clients feel that its voluntary nature is an essential part of this care and that it could not be provided by paid statutory workers.     

中国回教救国协会宁夏分会述评

中国回教救国协会宁夏分会是抗日战争期间宁夏回族为团结抗战而成立的回族社团,她在积极宣传抗战、创办回民教育、调查回民数目及分布状况、组织回民参加抗战、慰劳伤兵、举办干部会议、筹备干部训练班等方面为中华民族的抗日救亡运动作出了应有的努力和贡献,是宁夏回族史上影响最大的社团之一。     

晚清贵胄留学述略

晚清贵胄留学是近代留学的重要组成部分,其政策形成大体经历三个阶段。清廷派遣贵胄留学生的目的在于为大清帝国培养统治精英,归国之后充实高级官员队伍。但大部分贵胄留学生派出之后,没有来得及为清廷效力,清朝便亡。由于种种条件制约,归国的一部分贵胄生也没有实现清廷振兴政治的预期目标,从这个意义上讲,贵胄留学是失败的。     

The Governance of Voluntary Work in the Public Sector: Institutional Differences and Invariant Traits

In response to fiscal constraint and the introduction of quasi-market mechanisms into the public sector, in public policy there appears to be the acceptance of the increased use of voluntary labour in the delivery of public services. Traditional forms of governance have tended to ignore the use of voluntary labour in the public sector. The paper builds on an earlier (Hellshorm and Collins, 1999) model of concurrence between voluntary and municipal labour, by focusing onthe demand side of voluntary work. Our exploratory study uses this model to analyse two municipal organisations' mix of voluntary and municipal labour, one Italian and the other a Swedish context.The research method used to collect empirical data was semi-structured interviews of local government employees within the two sites. Thisis linked with an analysis of the institutional context of the two municipalities to inform and test the proposed model of demand for volunteer labour in local government. Resource scarcity, presence of agency for voluntary work, type of production and state rules and norm are used to analyse the institutional invariant traits. The study concludes that traditional institutional theory has ignored voluntary activities. Our case studies of actual practice indicate that different state norms and ruleson citizen rights and equal opportunities are stronger influential factors than the resources situation, in determining the demand for voluntary activities in municipalities.     

Students’ Vocational Choices and Voluntary Action: A 12-Nation Study

Previous research on student involvement suggested that business and engineering students manifest lowest rates of voluntary action. Similarly, it was thought that social science students are the most involved in voluntary action, with students of natural sciences and humanities in the middle. However, there were very few studies that empirically compared these assertions. Furthermore, these assertions were not investigated from cross-cultural perspectives. Based on a study of students in 12 countries (N = 6,570), we found that even when controlling for background variables, social science students are actually less engaged in voluntary action than other students. Engineering students are higher than expected on voluntary action while students of humanities are the most involved in voluntary action. When studying these differences in the 12 selected countries, local cultures and norms form different sets of findings that suggest that there is no universal trend in choice of academic field and voluntary action.     

论读者在阅读理解中的主动性和能动性--从阅读过程的三个层面谈起

本文从阅读过程中的表层结构层面、深层结构层面和读者的世界与深层语义相互作用层面这三个层面的位置和作用,以及它们之间的相互作用、相互促进的关系中探讨阅读的性质和理解产生的过程。提出应该认识到阅读理解的能动作用,从而提高学生英语学习中的主动性,诱导学生不断扩大并加深所学的语言知识,了解并熟悉目标语言国家的社会和文化,拓展并丰富自己的知识经历,在阅读中开展积极、主动、创造性的思维,以期获得阅读的高质量与高速度。     

"So Many Tiers, So Many Agendas, So Many Pots of Money": The Challenge of English Regionalization for Voluntary and Community Organizations

This paper looks at the challenges facing voluntary and community organizations (VCOs) within the new policy context of English “regionalism”, drawing primarily on an empirical study in one of the emerging Regions. Barriers to voluntary and community sector (VCS) engagement with the new regional governmental organizations and the new regional policy agenda are identified. The role of VCS “infrastructure” organizations in facilitating relationships with regional levels of government is also considered. The concepts of exchange, ownership, trust and legitimacy are then employed to analyse and explain the implications for English VCOs of working with a new tier of government at regional level. The paper concludes by reconsidering the nature of the relationship between VCOs and “government” in the light of the new policy context presented by English regionalism combined with central government interest in building the capacity and infrastructure of the voluntary sector.     

井冈山精神与开展党的群众路线教育实践活动

井冈山精神是带有原创意义的中国共产党人的革命精神,具有一定的求是价值、人本价值、道德价值。发扬井冈山精神的求是价值,从实际出发,实干兴邦,克服形式主义,为维护群众利益打下坚实的基础,有利于促进群众路线教育实践活动取得实效;发扬井冈山精神的人本价值,对人民负责,为人民服务,反对官僚主义,体现了群众路线教育实践活动的要求;井冈山精神的道德价值对坚持和发扬艰苦奋斗的优良作风具有重要的借鉴意义,有利于党树立廉政形象,反对享乐主义和奢靡之风,是开展群众路线教育实践活动的有效手段。井冈山精神有利于党员干部坚持群众路线的观点与方法,实现为民务实清廉的道德诉求。大力弘扬井冈山精神,有助于群众路线教育实践活动取得良好的效果。