UNCERTAIN DEMAND,CONSUMER LOSS AVERSION,AND FLAT‐RATE TARIFFS

We consider a model of firm pricing and consumer choice, where consumers are loss averse and uncertain about their future demand. Possibly, consumers in our model prefer a flat rate to a measured tariff, even though this choice does not minimize their expected billing amount—a behavior in line with ample empirical evidence. We solve for the profit‐maximizing two‐part tariff, which is a flat rate if (a) marginal costs are not too high, (b) loss aversion is intense, and (c) there are strong variations in demand. Moreover, we analyze the optimal nonlinear tariff. This tariff has a large flat part when a flat rate is optimal among the class of two‐part tariffs.     

OUTSOURCING WHEN INVESTMENTS ARE SPECIFIC AND INTERRELATED

Using the universe of large Canadian manufacturing firms in 1988 and 1996, we investigate to what extent outsourcing patterns concord with the predictions of a simple property rights model. The unique availability of disaggregate information on outputs as well as inputs permits the construction of a detailed measure of vertical integration. We rely on five measures of technological intensity to proxy for investments that are likely to be specific to a buyer–seller relationship. A theoretical model that allows for varying degrees of investment specificity and interrelatedness—externalities between buyer and supplier investments—guides the analysis. Property rights predictions on the link between investment intensities and optimal ownership are strongly supported, but only for transactions with low interrelatedness. High specificity and low risk of appropriation strengthen the predictions in the model and in the data.     

论巴赫金思想的独特性

前苏联思想家巴赫金的思想独具特色。1950年代后期,他提出的对话主义理论和狂欢化美学享誉世界,成为当代学术甚至日常思维的关键词。对话和狂欢共同指向生长,从两个维度表达了巴赫金对世界的哲学思考。巴赫金的思想表达兼有哲学美学化的倾向和异语表意的特点,一个论点往往有多层理解的充分可能,形成了思想的复调风格。     

Dynamic capabilities and high-tech entrepreneurial ventures’ performance in the aftermath of an environmental jolt

This paper contributes to studies on dynamic capabilities (DCs) by showing that a neglected environmental contingency – i.e. the occurrence of a jolt – shapes the DCs–performance relationship. We focus on high-tech entrepreneurial ventures because these are the firms that jolts affect most; in so doing, we also advance the understanding of DCs in the entrepreneurship field. We argue that, in the aftermath of an environmental jolt, the high-tech entrepreneurial ventures that use internationalization and new product development capabilities to modify their resource configuration and regain environmental fit enjoy better performance. Econometric estimates on a sample of 340 Italian high-tech entrepreneurial ventures confronting the consequences of the global economic crisis that began in 2008 confirm that separately using these two DCs has a positive performance effect. This effect is stronger for relatively smaller ventures. Interestingly, despite synergies should arise from the combined use of the two DCs, we do not detect any superadditive effects.     

沙芥罐头加工技术研究

对沙芥罐头加工技术进行了研究。结果表明,一定浓度的铜离子可达到较好的护绿效果;在汤料中加入糖和香味物质、降低汤液的pH值、采用常温杀菌工艺能达到商业杀菌要求。在室温下可贮藏6个月,保持绿色不褪,感官质量也得到改善。     

脱毒马铃薯试管苗的无土栽培及微型薯的繁殖

以"鲁引一号"马铃薯脱毒试管苗为材料,探讨了不同栽培条件和方法、不同生长调节剂预处理及不同收获期对脱毒试管苗微型薯形成及产量构成的影响.结果表明,采用试管苗切段扦插的方法不仅繁殖率高,而且植株结薯率也较试管苗整株移栽的植株高.在扦插前用吲哚丁酸(IBA)预处理切段,有利于切段生根,但对后期植株结薯量影响不大,而用矮壮素(CCC)预处理切段后,植株的结薯期提前,且后期结薯量增加.通过对苗床和育苗盘栽培比较,前者利于管理,结薯量和大薯率都较后者高.在烟台的气候条件下,微型薯的收获期以65d为宜.     

Testing the Goodness of Fit of Parametric Regression Models with Random Toeplitz Forms

ABSTRACT: We introduce a class of Toeplitz‐band matrices for simple goodness of fit tests for parametric regression models. For a given length r of the band matrix the asymptotic optimal solution is derived. Asymptotic normality of the corresponding test statistic is established under a fixed and random design assumption as well as for linear and non‐linear models, respectively. This allows testing at any parametric assumption as well as the computation of confidence intervals for a quadratic measure of discrepancy between the parametric model and the true signal g;. Furthermore, the connection between testing the parametric goodness of fit and estimating the error variance is highlighted. As a by‐product we obtain a much simpler proof of a result of 34 ) concerning the optimality of an estimator for the variance. Our results unify and generalize recent results by 9 ) and 15 , 16 ) in several directions. Extensions to multivariate predictors and unbounded signals are discussed. A simulation study shows that a simple jacknife correction of the proposed test statistics leads to reasonable finite sample approximations.     

Evaluating employee assistance policy in an HMO-based alcoholism project.

One aspect of successful employee assistance program (EAP) implementation is the adoption of a formal, written policy, reflecting company commitment to EAP guidelines and goals. This study of criteria predictive of such policy adoption was conducted at the occupational alcoholism project of a New England health maintenance organization (HMO). Data on nearly 400 organizations contacted by occupational program consultants (OPCs) over a 20-month period were collected by questionnaire and interview. One third of these organizations adopted employee assistance policies and set about establishing formal programs. Stepwise multiple regression is the principal method used to pinpoint the correlates of policy adoption. Two of the most important of these are the attitudes of contact persons within the organization toward alcoholism and employee assistance programs, particularly their admission of alcohol problems within their social networks; and the consultants' persistence and marketing skills. The adopting organizations also had reputations for being progressive, and actively concerned about employee welfare; they tended to be large, their executives autonomous, and their union membership rates high. Inhibiting policy acceptance were fears that a written policy would jeopardize the reputation and image of the organization, and that an employee assistance program would remove internal control of personal procedures. The adequacy of the evaluative data and methods are discussed, and recommendations are offered in the interests of streamlining the efforts of OPCs and of achieving greater penetration of targeted organizations.     

中介语和反馈在外语学习中的作用

二语习得者在学习过程中不可避免地出现许多错误,这不仅是可以容忍的,而且是有益的。改正错误则是学习者的“中介语”向目的语趋近的一种方法。本文将对中介语的发展进行讨论,并从“反馈”这一角度来阐述它对外语教学的影响。     

张学良西北开发思想及其启示

张学良不仅是一位爱国将军,一位民族英雄,也是中国现代化建设的先驱。早在20世纪30年代,他就提出开发西北的一些设想,认为开发西北是复兴中国的基础,开发西北要革除私心,一致动员,借鉴美国的西部开发,同时要注意交通、环境、民族等问题。这些设想虽在当时由于缺乏现实条件难以实现,但是其现代化建设思想的重要组成部分,对今天的西部大开发仍有借鉴意义。