不完全契约、质量监督与农业企业外包——基于中国农业上市公司的实证研究

农业企业的产品质量与组织分工形式密切相关。在契约不完全理论的基础上构建引入质量监督与企业外包决策的经济模型,提出质量监督成本的提高会促使农业企业选择纵向一体化生产模式的理论假说,并基于2012-2021年中国农业上市公司数据,采用动态面板系统GMM方法展开经验研究证实。结果表明,生产环节的难以监督和契约制度环境不完善产生的质量监督成本使农业上市公司外包水平显著下降,间接验证了农业企业为保证中间产品质量需增大对专业化经营主体的监督费用,从而影响其组织分工形式的理论假说。此外,企业的资产专用性、市场规模和资产规模都会对外包程度产生影响。进一步分组回归发现：与养殖类企业相比,质量监督成本对生产过程相对复杂的种植类企业外包水平的负向影响更为显著。     

人工智能背景下医疗法律责任的现实困境与完善路径

医疗人工智能利用深度学习和计算机算法等现代化技术,实现辅助诊疗、医学影像、药物发掘、健康诊疗等功能,是人工智能应用最具前景的领域之一。随着人工智能技术发展,具备自主思维和决策能力的智能机器人医生等人工智能将对现有的医疗法律责任制度带来颠覆性影响。在人工智能背景下,医疗人工智能是否具有独立法律主体地位、传统的医疗过错责任归责能否适用、因果关系如何认定等成为现代民事法律责任制度的严峻挑战,也成为实践中的必答之问。因此,在借鉴欧美人工智能领域的探索经验的基础上,在当前阶段通过修正和完善我国民事法律责任制度,提出针对不同的人工智能侵权情形适用差别化归责原则,并尝试建立人工智能强制保险或储备金制度,设置人工智能监管机构及行业标准,以实现既保障患者合法公平权益,又鼓励人工智能技术有效发展之间的平衡。     

To what extent is social security spending associated with enhanced firm-level performance? A case study of SMEs in Indonesia

Although the relationship between social protection and enterprise performance is much debated in the literature, evidence is particularly limited in the case of small and medium-sized enterprises in developing economies. Using census data from 2010 to 2014, this article examines how the provision of social security influenced business performance in Indonesia. The author finds that increased social security spending of 10 per cent is associated with a per-worker revenue gain of up to 2 per cent. Moreover, profits are not found to decrease with increased social protection coverage, suggesting that increasing worker benefits may be a worthwhile business investment.     

Public relations and artificial intelligence: It’s not (just) about robots

Organizations of all kinds, as well as their in-house or agency public relations teams, increasingly co-opt Artificial Intelligence (AI) to enhance their capabilities. This paper examines a relatively new topic that has received little scholarly attention: the growing relationship between AI and public relations. It outlines several key roles that AI may play in future, based on trends in other industries, and considers the implications for public relations practitioners, their clients and employers. It therefore launches a dialogue about the diversity and extent of AI’s uses in public relations practice. The paper argues that, to date, commentators have placed too much emphasis on AI’s potential for task automation; AI’s broader technological, economic and societal implications for public relations warrant greater critical attention. This does not imply that practitioners need become expert technologists; rather, they should develop a sufficient understanding of AI’s present and potential uses to be able to offer informed counsel.     

Automating argument construction

Over the past five years the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI has been developing a new technology to address the problem of automated information management within real- world contexts. The result of this work is a body of techniques for automated reasoning from evidence that we call evidential reasoning. The techniques are based upon the mathematics of belief functions developed by Dempster and Shafer and have been successfully applied to a variety of problems including computer vision, multisensor integration, and intelligence analysis.

We have developed both a formal basis and a framework for implementating automated reasoning systems based upon these techniques. Both the formal and practical approach can be divided into four parts: (1) specifying a set of distinct propositional spaces, (2) specifying the interrelationships among these spaces, (3) representing bodies of evidence as belief distributions, and (4) establishing paths of the bodies for evidence to move through these spaces by means of evidential operations, eventually converging on spaces where the target questions can be answered. These steps specify a means for arguing from multiple bodies of evidence toward a particular (probabilistic) conclusion. Argument construction is the process by which such evidential analyses are constructed and is the analogue of constructing proof trees in a logical context.

This technology features the ability to reason from uncertain, incomplete, and occasionally inaccurate information based upon seven evidential operations: fusion, discounting, translation, projection, summarization, interpretation, and gisting. These operation are theoretically sound but have intuitive appeal as well.

In implementing this formal approach, we have found that evidential arguments can be represented as graphs. To support the construction, modification, and interrogation of evidential arguments, we have developed Gister. Gister provides an interactive, menu-driven, graphical interface that allows these graphical structures to be easily manipulated.

Our goal is to provide effective automated aids to domain experts for argument construction. Gister represents our first attempt at such an aid.     

西部民族地区民营企业基于模糊关系产权的行为分析

本文主要着眼于西部民族地区模糊关系产权相应的实证意义.探讨模糊关系产权作为西部民族地区民营企业应对环境的适应机制是怎样影响组织行为的,它有哪些独特的实证意义?笔者就模糊关系产权的广度、产权结构的持续时间和变动频率、决策权的集中程度、产权的正式结构与实际运行之间的差别,从获取资源的途径、企业的身份、制度环境三个方面来讨论模糊关系产权与西部民族地区民营企业行为之间的关系.     

论劳动密集型企业员工心理危机防护体系的构建

关注人的生命,预防员工发生心理危机,构建企业员工心理危机防护体系,是维系企业安定有序,提高劳动生产率的客观要求.引导年轻的新员工尽快适应企业的新环境,转变观念,构建企业心理危机防护体系的主动模式以及构建预防企业员工心理危机的多级防护体系应是企业预防员工发生心理危机的有效路径.     

中小企业战略信息系统建设探究

阐述了战略信息系统的内涵以及中小企业战略信息系统的建设意义,分析了中小企业战略信息系统建设存在的问题,并针对性地提出了对策。     

“新金融”发展态势及上海的鼓励政策研究

中国式"新金融"规模不断扩大,对中国经济发展和宏观调控产生了重要影响。它在一定程度上使得经济增长与实体经济背离,也未能完全解决中小企业融资难问题。当前政策的出发点,不应仅出于控制金融风险而对"新金融"加以限制,更多的还是应考虑如何加大力度引导资金流向中小企业等实体经济。上海"新金融"政策定位,应借助"新金融"体系,引导社会资金流向实体经济,并以金融支持科技创新和产业升级转型为重点,以活跃和繁荣金融机构和中介服务体系为抓手,构建上海"新金融"鼓励政策。     

中国智能经济的涌现机制

我国智能经济的发展内生于经济转型升级过程中创造的智能化需求。与AI 1.0不同,新一代人工智能(AI 2.0)不再是简单用计算机模拟人的智能,而是基于网络空间发展的数据智能,即智能机器、人和网络相互融合的智能系统。智能经济是以数据和计算为“关键生产要素”的新经济形态,包括人工智能的产业化和产业的智能化过程中创造的新产品、新技术、新模式和新业态。互联网,尤其是移动互联网发展中创造出的数据生态优势是中国人工智能科技产业发展的前提和基础。在拥有数据生态优势的条件下,强烈的需求牵引、产学研协同创新、创新生态系统的高度开放性和核心产业部门与融合产业部门的融合发展,共同构成了中国智能经济发展的关键机制。