空间流变与文化持守:一个移民羌村信仰习俗空间化表征的案例研究

表征的空间是列斐伏尔空间生产理论的重要议题,但在民族村寨领域还未引起足够重视。民族村寨空间生产是关于空间－人－文化三者共存秩序的复杂建构过程,其中村民弱小、碎片的空间实践机制研究有待加强。本文以一 个移民羌村为案例,在田野调查基础上,从空间生产的微观视角出发,对羌村的居住信仰、释比信仰、习俗信仪、羌年祭典四个方面信仰习俗的空间化表征展开研究。研究发现,在空间－人－文化三元互动中,羌民弱小、碎片化的空间实践使特定信仰习俗得以自洽地存续,新村表征的空间背后既是羌民“化他乡为故乡”的主体性呈现,更是羌民对本民族文化的坚定持守。     

信念论政治之局限与后意识形态政治走向——奥克肖特政治“理想类型”理论探析

可以把不同社会的不同政治生活看成是人类应对各种挑战的不同应战模式.这类应战模式在奥克肖特看来,可以抽象地划分成为两种极端的"理想类型":信念论政治与怀疑论政治.人们正是通过在这极端"类型"的中间地带作出移动与调整,来使社会适应来自外部与内部环境的不断变化.由于近现代以来人类理性的盲目膨胀,各国应对时代挑战的政治类型在本质上都严重偏向于信念论政治.信念论政治在显现自身合理性的同时,也把人类拖到了极其危险的意识形态政治之中.而解决之道就在于,以向怀疑论政治的适度回归来打通走向后意识形态政治之路.     

风险社会背景下大学生的信仰危机

当今,世界正由工业社会向风险社会过渡,信仰危机是当代人类面临的全球性问题,信仰危机的出现要求我们关注信仰教育。受全球化的影响,中国也处于风险社会之中。大学生作为我国社会主义事业的接班人,其信仰状况直接关系到国家的前途和命运。本文首先阐述了信仰以及信仰危机的含义,然后分析了我国大学生当前存在的信仰危机及其产生的原因,最后对于解决我国大学生的信仰危机提出了几点建议。     

改革开放时代更应该引导人们树立正确的信念

改革开放以来,我国国内形势发生了巨大的变化,由此也产生了许多积极的和消极的因素.为了推进社会主义事业,我们要积极探索多种途径的教育模式,用马克思主义的科学真理和社会主义优越性的事实积极引导人们树立坚定的社会主义和共产主义理想信念.     

Automating argument construction

Over the past five years the Artificial Intelligence Center at SRI has been developing a new technology to address the problem of automated information management within real- world contexts. The result of this work is a body of techniques for automated reasoning from evidence that we call evidential reasoning. The techniques are based upon the mathematics of belief functions developed by Dempster and Shafer and have been successfully applied to a variety of problems including computer vision, multisensor integration, and intelligence analysis.

We have developed both a formal basis and a framework for implementating automated reasoning systems based upon these techniques. Both the formal and practical approach can be divided into four parts: (1) specifying a set of distinct propositional spaces, (2) specifying the interrelationships among these spaces, (3) representing bodies of evidence as belief distributions, and (4) establishing paths of the bodies for evidence to move through these spaces by means of evidential operations, eventually converging on spaces where the target questions can be answered. These steps specify a means for arguing from multiple bodies of evidence toward a particular (probabilistic) conclusion. Argument construction is the process by which such evidential analyses are constructed and is the analogue of constructing proof trees in a logical context.

This technology features the ability to reason from uncertain, incomplete, and occasionally inaccurate information based upon seven evidential operations: fusion, discounting, translation, projection, summarization, interpretation, and gisting. These operation are theoretically sound but have intuitive appeal as well.

In implementing this formal approach, we have found that evidential arguments can be represented as graphs. To support the construction, modification, and interrogation of evidential arguments, we have developed Gister. Gister provides an interactive, menu-driven, graphical interface that allows these graphical structures to be easily manipulated.

Our goal is to provide effective automated aids to domain experts for argument construction. Gister represents our first attempt at such an aid.     

Challenges of implementing restorative justice for intimate partner violence: An Islamic perspective

ABSTRACT

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is currently recognized as a critical public health concern and a human rights issue. Not surprisingly, Muslims – a religiously and socio-culturally diverse faith-based populace – are not an exception. To address this complex area of criminal justice and social policy, some scholars advocate implementing restorative justice (RJ) approaches. While RJ approaches have been traditionally used in Islamic cultures for conflict resolutions, to date, few studies have investigated how RJ operates in dealing with IPV in Muslim countries and communities. This article explores how RJ approaches towards IPV operate in some Muslim countries/communities, and offers insights into developing culturally and religiously appropriate ways of implementing RJ in IPV situations among Muslims. Given the prevalence of IPV among Muslims, the question is particularly important and timely. Taking exclusively limited examples of RJ approaches that have been used to mediate IPV cases in Muslim countries and communities, this paper found one significant challenge in the RJ approaches among Muslims: community acceptance of IPV. To reduce IPV in Muslim society, it is necessary to develop treatment models and techniques that meet cultural and religious needs. This paper found that since RJ is not alien to Islamic teachings, RJ approaches can be implemented effectively in dealing with IPV among Muslims by ensuring justice and equity of the abused woman. The findings of this paper will assist policymakers, practitioners, and service providers in providing religiously and culturally appropriate care when addressing IPV issues among Muslims.     

百年来羌族宗教研究的回顾与反思

宗教现象是民族学者了解羌族文化的一个极重要的方面,对羌族宗教研究作回顾与反思有重要价值。二十世纪初,英国传教士、民族学者陶然士以传播论为依据,认为羌族是希伯来人的子孙后代和一神论者。三十年代,美国学者葛维汉以鲍亚斯的文化相对主义研究羌族宗教信仰,批评陶然士的观点。中国民族学家胡鉴民以功能论来论证羌族原始宗教是羌族文化的本质。从五十年代到现在,中国民族学者结合了欧美以及我国民族学的传统,对羌族宗教信仰进行研究,基本上与前辈一脉相承。不同之点,过去是筚路蓝缕,现在是日渐茁壮。胡鉴民认为宗教是“羌族文化中最可宝贵的一部分”的概念,促成了一种新形态的研究模式,其影响是深远的。学界对白石崇拜信仰研究已逐渐成为羌族研究里的显学。     

论汉代政权对民间信仰的多重政策

民间信仰是中国传统文化的重要组成部分,也是俗文化的核心。针对民间自发形成的信仰与崇拜,汉代政权采取多重政策,或引导支持,或借鉴利用,或排斥打击,主要取决于其是否与官方信仰及主流文化相抵触,是否从根本上影响到社会秩序和百姓生产生活。不管官方态度如何,作为一种强大的民间力量,民间信仰以其特有的方式参与政治生活,与官方政权相互影响、相互补充,形成既配合又抗衡的互动局面,并以顽强的生命力传承、延续和发展。     

论21世纪大学生理想信念体系的建构

大学生的思想政治教育以理想信念教育为核心.理想信念体系可划分为个人的理想信念,社会共同的理想信念,以及世界或人类的理想信念.个人的理想信念一般包括生活理想信念、道德理想信念、职业理想信念三个主要方面.理想信念教育要贴近大学生个人的理想信念,围绕社会共同的理想信念,导向世界共同的理想信念.     

高校理想信念教育状况及实效性路径思考——以西南科技大学学生为调查样本

增强高校大学生理想信念教育的实效性是学校思想政治教育的一项重要工作.通过对西南科技大学学生的调查发现,当前我国高校大学生的理想信念主流是好的,但部分学生也不同程度存在政治信仰迷茫、价值取向扭曲、社会责任感缺乏、团结协作观念较差等问题,这与高校理想信念教育的效果不理想关系极大.