中国城市化进程中影响CO2排放的政策分析

城市化进程是中国CO2排放快速增长的重要影响因素。基于自回归滞后(Autoregressive-Distributed Lag, ARDL)协整模型, 重点分析了政策因素在城市化进程中对CO2排放的影响。ARDL方法更稳健, 更适合对小样本数据进行分析。ARDL协整模型构建中以人均CO2排放量为因变量, 以城市人口占总人口比重、第二产业占GDP比重、城镇固定资产投资占全社会固定资产投资比例、政策变量等作为自变量。基于1978-2010年的样本数据所得到的研究结果显示:中国1997年节约能源法的颁布对CO2的排放起到了有效的抑制作用;同时, 城市人口比例的增长是影响CO2排放快速增长的最重要原因。因此, 制定针对城市人口增长的节能减排政策, 例如鼓励实现节约型的能源消费模式, 对实现中国CO2的减排目标具有重要意义。     

欧盟航空碳税的法理分析

大气环境是人类共同资源,保护共同资源应体现不同历史责任,体现代际公平与代内公平.航空碳关税政策具有正义性,有利于实施全球性的行业减排,有助于人们调整生产和消费方式.但是,全球性的共同问题由区域法律规范调整不公平也难以实施.航空碳关税政策隐藏着利益博弈,国家之间的利益调整应通过制定国际法规则,在尊重平等权的基础上,坚持生存权优先地位.     

A hybrid approach to configure eco-efficient supply chains under consideration of performance and risk aspects

Formal models that support multi-criteria decision making represent a strongly growing area in sustainable supply chain management research. However, uncertainties and risks are seldom considered in quantitative models for green supply chain (SC) design. The paper at hand suggests a hybrid approach to configure an eco-efficient SC for a new product under consideration of economic and environmental risks. Discrete-event simulation is applied to assess the financial, operational and environmental performance of different SC configuration options while the value-at-risk concept is adapted to evaluate related SC risks. The analytic hierarchy process is employed to solve the resulting multi-criteria decision problem of choosing the best option. The approach is illustrated at a case example of a fast moving consumer goods manufacturer.     

Spillover Effects of Carbon Footprint Labelling on Less Developed Countries: The Example of the East Asia Summit Region

The spillover effects of carbon footprint (CFP) labelling are particularly significant in the East Asia Summit (EAS) region which has closely integrated production networks, wide development gaps and predominantly small and medium‐sized enterprises. Poor management of the effects would undermine not only the effectiveness of CFP labelling, but also EAS efforts towards economic integration and the narrowing of development gaps. Well‐designed labelling schemes, accessible and affordable data and transparent certification processes are essential, as well as capacity‐building and engagement of non‐labelling countries, in particular LDCs.     

Comparative Potency Method for Cancer Risk Assessment: Application to Diesel Particulate Emissions1

An estimation of the human lung cancer “unit risk” from diesel engine particulate emissions has been made using a comparative potency approach. This approach involves evaluating the tumorigenic and mutagenic potencies of the particulates from four diesel and one gasoline engine in relation to other combustion and pyrolysis products (coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke) that cause lung cancer in humans. The unit cancer risk is predicated on the linear nonthreshold extrapolation model and is the individual lifetime excess lung cancer risk from continuous exposure to 1 μg carcinogen per m³ inhaled air. The human lung cancer unit risks obtained from the epidemiologic data for coke oven workers, roofing tar applicators, and cigarette smokers were, respectively, 9.3 × 10^?4, 3.6 × 10^?4, and 2.2 × 10^?6 per μg particulate organics per m³ air. The comparative potencies of these three materials and the diesel and gasoline engine exhaust particulates (as organic extracts) were evaluated by in vivo tumorigenicity bioassays involving skin initiation and skin carcinogenicity in SENCAR mice and by the in vitro bioassays that proved suitable for this analysis: Ames Salmonella microsome bioassay, L5178Y mouse lymphoma cell mutagenesis bioassay, and sister chromatid exchange bioassay in Chinese hamster ovary cells. The relative potencies of the coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke emissions, as determined by the mouse skin initiation assay, were within a factor of 2 of those determined using the epidemiologic data. The relative potencies, from the in vitro bioassays as compared to the human data, were similar for coke oven and roofing tar, but for the cigarette smoke condensate the in vitro tests predicted a higher relative potency. The mouse skin initiation bioassay was used to determine the unit lung cancer risk for the most potent of the diesel emissions. Based on comparisons with coke oven, roofing tar, and cigarette smoke, the unit cancer risk averaged 4.4 × 10^?4. The unit lung cancer risks for the other, less potent motor-vehicle emissions were determined from their comparative potencies relative to the most potent diesel using three in vitro bioassays. There was a high correlation between the in vitro and in vivo bioassays in their responses to the engine exhaust particulate extracts. The unit lung cancer risk per μg particulates per m³ for the automotive diesel and gasoline exhaust particulates ranged from 0.20 × 10^?4 to 0.60 × 10^?4; that for the heavy-duty diesel engine was 0.02 × 10^?4. These unit risks provide the basis for a future assessment of human lung cancer risks when combined with human population exposure to automotive emissions.     

节约型高校建设与示范

节能减排已成为当代社会科学发展的主旋律。高校节约型校园建设是应＂两型校园建设＂的要求,并作为一项长期工作写入了多数高校总体规划中,实现节支和绿色生态校园的双赢。大学作为社会文明与进步的播火者,在国家国策的践行中,同样可率先垂范和培养具生态文明理念的接班人。要固守低碳生活的理念,将节俭美德作为高校育人的重要内容。该文将对正在进行的节约型校园建设,提供一些有益的经验参照。     

低碳经济背景下我国税法的改良

我国已确立了与碳排放相关的税法体系,但这一体系从静态制度设计到动态运作功能上均存在不足之处.为了促进新时期低碳经济的发展,应在遵循全局设计、税收法定、易于征管、维护企业竞争力这些基本原则的基础上,对涉及碳排放的增值税、消费税、资源税、企业所得税等相关法律规定进行修订改良,并经由立法程序适时开征环境税,从而建立促进低碳经济发展的税法体系.     

臭氧技术在柴油机中的应用

通过对柴油发动机臭氧助燃机理分析,设计了臭氧发生器,并将其用于6135型柴油发动机台架试验中。试验结果证明：臭氧参与柴油发动机的燃烧过程起到了节油和降低排放的双重效果。     

碳强度对中国主要产业部门产值变动敏感性的动态估计

测算产业产值变动对碳强度的作用,可以为碳减排目标下产业结构调整方案的制定提供指导。基于投入产出理论建立系统动力学模型,以此为基础,分析中国主要产业部门产值变动对碳强度的动态作用过程,并从投资结构和消费结构两个方面探讨实现中国主要产业部门碳减排目标的有效途径。研究结果表明:从即期效应来看,制造业,电力、热力及水的生产和供应业,采矿业,其产值增加会使碳强度提高;从动态变化过程来看,农林牧渔业,采矿业,制造业,建筑业,交通运输、仓储和邮电业,批发零售贸易、住宿和餐饮业,房地产、租赁和商务服务业,其产值增加1%后碳强度呈现逐年降低的趋势;从碳强度的变化趋势来看,各产业部门产值增加对碳强度的作用力逐渐趋于稳定;产业产值变动碳减排效力的提高要依靠投资政策。     

碳限额与交易政策下供应链低碳技术投资时机研究

在碳排放权限额与交易政策环境下, 碳排放权交易价格的不确定性对供应链企业选择低碳技术投资时机具有重要的影响。利用实物期权理论评估碳交易价格不确定情况下供应链低碳技术投资具有的期权价值, 建立供应链低碳技术投资时机决策的基本模型, 在此基础上, 构建考虑供应链内部合作的低碳技术投资博弈模型, 重点讨论供应链上下游企业在对投资时机与转移支付比例进行决策的均衡策略。基于上述模型, 通过数值算例进一步分析低碳技术投资时机的影响因素。研究结果表明:碳减排率水平、碳价波动率、企业间转移支付比例等因素会对低碳投资门槛产生影响, 供应链企业应综合评价碳价波动下低碳技术投资的期权价值, 合理选择投资时机与转移支付比例的最佳平衡点, 实现经济效益和低碳减排的双重目标, 并保障供应链协调与投资优化。