浅析我国碳税制度的构建

二氧化碳等温室气体的排放导致气候变暖已经成为世界各国普遍关注的问题。目前,世界各国纷纷出台相关制度,其中碳税的征收被国际社会公认是削减二氧化碳排放量的有效手段。作为《联合国气候变化框架公约》及其《京都议定书》的缔约国,中国一直积极推动公约和议定书的实施,并取得了一定的成就,但任重道远,我国可以在深入研究的基础上,结合具体国情进行碳税制度的构建。     

基于熵的区域碳排放总量企业间分配研究

企业碳排放配额分配问题是碳交易的基础,也是真正落实国家和地区减排目标的关键。基于信息熵和玻尔兹曼熵,提出一种新的企业碳排放配额分配模型,该模型基于公平、有效和可执行原则,考虑各行业异质性和企业发展需求,以行业内企业碳交易成本最低为目标,将区域碳排放总量分配给各个企业。以昆山市张浦镇为例,采用2012年和2013年数据,进行2013年碳排放总量企业间分配并与2013年实际碳排放量进行对比分析。结果显示: 基于信息熵的区域碳排放总量行业间分配,考虑各种影响因素,符合各行业减排责任、能力、潜力和效率;基于玻尔兹曼熵的行业碳排放总量企业间分配,既符合企业发展需要,同时也奖励了高排放效率企业,惩罚了低排放效率企业,从而有利于促进区域低碳发展。     

碳金融市场下基于模糊测度和Choquet积分的碳期权估值

基于投资者对投资财富和风险的偏好研究碳期权定价模型。运用λ-可加模糊测度表示投资者对碳期权价值模糊度量的差异性，借助Choquet期望积分构建投资者的期望收益效用函数；根据投资财富效用最大化推导无约束条件下碳期权的最优价；结合现实约束条件，构建投资财富效用最大化下的碳期权定价模型；通过数值计算分析效用函数、模糊参数和现实约束对碳期权定价的影响。研究结果表明:效用函数的选择会体现投资者对碳期权投资风险态度的变化，模糊测度参数的取值能够反映碳期权投资者个体的主观情绪和市场信息获取程度，现实约束会迫使碳期权投资者放弃部分投资隐含价值。     

实证分析二氧化碳排放量主要影响因素

能源是经济与社会发展的基本动力, 但能源燃烧排放二氧化碳所引起的地球温暖化和气候变化更危及人类的生存。采用1990—2009年煤炭、石油、天然气消费结构数据, 电力生产系数, 道琼斯工业指数, 城镇人口数, 国内生产总值及二氧化碳排放量等统计数据进行灰色关联分析和协整检验;反映二氧化碳排放量与城镇人口数, 国内生产总值, 煤炭、石油、天然气消费结构, 电力生产系数之间的规律性变化, 从而突出协整检验的优越性。结果表明:城镇人口数, 国内生产总值, 煤炭、天然气消费结构, 电力生产系数是二氧化碳排放量的主要影响因素;道琼斯工业指数、石油消费结构是次要影响因素。     

长江经济带旅游业碳排放强度的时空演变及其影响因素

文章通过利用长江经济带11个省市2010—2019年旅游业面板数据测算其旅游业碳排放强度,借助SDM模型,探究旅游业碳排放强度的时空演变及影响因素。结果表明:旅游业碳排放强度整体明显降低,其中以云南省、四川省和贵州省的碳排放强度下降幅度最大;碳排放强度在研究时期向着较高碳排放强度区域集中在中游地区的趋势发展,呈现碳排放强度“中间高,两侧低”的空间格局;产业结构与贸易依赖水平的间接效应和总效应分别表现出显著的抑制、促进效应,表明产业结构优化显著促进本地及相邻地区的旅游业碳排放强度下降,而贸易依赖水平提升效果相反。最后,文章对所得结论提出建议,旨在为旅游业实现低碳科学发展提供决策参考。     

The Transnational Tilt of the Treadmill and the Role of Trade Openness on Carbon Emissions: A Comparative International Study, 1965–2010

There are various schools of thought regarding the relationship between the environment and economy. Ecological modernization argues that the harmful effects of economic growth and development on the environment decline through time, whereas the treadmill of production and ecologically unequal exchange postulate different perspectives. This study relies on World Bank and World Resources Institute data for the period of 1965–2010. Time‐series cross‐sectional Prais‐Winsten (PW) regression models with panel‐corrected standard errors (PCSE) are employed to examine whether economic growth and trade openness intensified or decoupled in relation to three measures of carbon dioxide (CO₂₎ emissions during this period. The findings of this study indicate that there has been a “tilt” in the treadmill of production—that is, the most environmentally degrading production processes have moved to less developed countries. Furthermore, integration into the world economy has been associated with an intensification in CO₂ emissions for less developed countries. Surprisingly, however, this phenomenon does not seem to be driven by exports sent to high‐income nations, suggesting that there are mechanisms embodied within the global organization of production that require further exploration.     

Developing spatial inequalities in carbon appropriation: A sociological analysis of changing local emissions across the United States

This study examines an overlooked dynamic in sociological research on greenhouse gas emissions: how local areas appropriate the global carbon cycle for use and exchange purposes as they develop. Drawing on theories of place and space, we hypothesize that development differentially drives and spatially decouples use- and exchange-oriented emissions at the local level. To test our hypotheses, we integrate longitudinal, county-level data on residential and industrial emissions from the Vulcan Project with demographic, economic and environmental data from the U.S. Census Bureau and National Land Change Database. Results from spatial regression models with two-way fixed-effects indicate that alongside innovations and efficiencies capable of reducing environmentally harmful effects of development comes a spatial disarticulation between carbon-intensive production and consumption within as well as across societies. Implications for existing theory, methods and policy are discussed.     

环境金融的法律原则探讨

环境金融的出现,是对传统金融业的突破和创新,其实质是通过政府配额与市场机制的双重作用,将环境负外部性内部化从而实现环境利益经济化的过程。中国和世界一样,都面临着以环境为发展成本的巨大代价和应对气候变化的双重挑战。目前的国际交易规则基本上是由发达国家发起制定的,要在与发达国家的利益博弈中得以保全,创建中国的环境金融市场就显得尤为迫切。有市场的存在就离不开法律的调整,而要设计出科学合理的环境金融法律制度,首要问题就是研究并制定国际通行的立法原则。     

碳排放影响下的动态配送车辆路径优化研究

本文考虑碳排放对动态配送车辆路径的影响,研究了客户需求点增减、客户需求量变化及配送路线交通中断三种情形下的配送车辆路径优化问题。首先,通过构建虚拟客户点,将动态车辆路径优化问题转化为静态车辆路径优化问题。其次,构建了基于改进遗传算法的动态车辆路径优化模型。最后,对比分析了考虑碳排放影响前后的动态车辆路径优化。研究结果表明：在满足时间窗要求的情况下,虽然考虑碳排放的动态车辆路径的总行驶距离增加了3.59 km,但碳排放成本和总配送成本分别下降了7.45%和1%;同时与静态车辆路径相比,在动态车辆路径问题中考虑碳排放可以使碳排放成本及总配送成本下降的更多,因此在动态车辆路径问题中考虑碳排放更具有价值意义。     

A hybrid approach to configure eco-efficient supply chains under consideration of performance and risk aspects

Formal models that support multi-criteria decision making represent a strongly growing area in sustainable supply chain management research. However, uncertainties and risks are seldom considered in quantitative models for green supply chain (SC) design. The paper at hand suggests a hybrid approach to configure an eco-efficient SC for a new product under consideration of economic and environmental risks. Discrete-event simulation is applied to assess the financial, operational and environmental performance of different SC configuration options while the value-at-risk concept is adapted to evaluate related SC risks. The analytic hierarchy process is employed to solve the resulting multi-criteria decision problem of choosing the best option. The approach is illustrated at a case example of a fast moving consumer goods manufacturer.