亚洲排球运动水平现状分析

亚洲排球水平的绝对领先地位已不复存在。亚洲球队只有结合亚洲各国的实际情况,提高技战术水平,学习国际先进的训练思想与方法,制定目标明确的训练计划,合理地利用信息才能够提高亚洲排球运动水平     

魏晋迄隋比部郎隶属及其职掌之变化

比部郎始现于魏晋,隶属于吏部尚书,职掌不明;南朝时期隶属于吏部尚书,主法制;北魏、北齐时期隶属于都官尚书,其职掌除继续主法制外,增加了勾检职能.隋朝继承北朝之制,比部侍郎隶属于刑部尚书,其职掌有向专职勾检转变的趋势.比部郎中的变化原因是尚书省内部机构的调整和职权的专业化.比部郎行使勾检职能,客观上能起到考课官吏的作用.     

论清代前期实学思潮对英雄传奇小说创作的影响

清代前期英雄传奇小说创作上的重要变化,表现在两方面。一是回归儒家思想传统;二是小说文体特征由传奇性向平实化转变。清代前期英雄传奇小说创作的上述变化,其原因是多方面的,其中之一是与清代前期实学思潮对小说创作的影响密切相关。     

中国宗法社会的制度变迁——基于博弈论框架的解说

为了考察中国宗法社会制度演进路径,依托博弈论分析工具,认为基层宗族社会的重复博弈自发生成礼,并在礼的指导下进一步形成哈耶克式的礼治秩序;源于维持宗法社会国家层面上的合作格局的需求,国家通过制定和实施法,创造了在法约束下的人造秩序。礼法并举构成了中国宗法社会的制度框架。     

Simulating Behavioral Influences on Community Flood Risk under Future Climate Scenarios

Flood risk is a function of both climate and human behavior, including individual and societal actions. For this reason, there is a need to incorporate both human and climatic components in models of flood risk. This study simulates behavioral influences on the evolution of community flood risk under different future climate scenarios using an agent-based model (ABM). The objective is to understand better the ways, sometimes unexpected, that human behavior, stochastic floods, and community interventions interact to influence the evolution of flood risk. One historic climate scenario and three future climate scenarios are simulated using a case study location in Fargo, North Dakota. Individual agents can mitigate flood risk via household mitigation or by moving, based on decision rules that consider risk perception and coping perception. The community can mitigate or disseminate information to reduce flood risk. Results show that agent behavior and community action have a significant impact on the evolution of flood risk under different climate scenarios. In all scenarios, individual and community action generally result in a decline in damages over time. In a lower flood risk scenario, the decline is primarily due to agent mitigation, while in a high flood risk scenario, community mitigation and agent relocation are primary drivers of the decline. Adaptive behaviors offset some of the increase in flood risk associated with climate change, and under an extreme climate scenario, our model indicates that many agents relocate.     

The increasing importance of friends: Changes in core discussion network composition in post-communist Hungary between 1997 – 2015

In order to detect changes in social connectivity, we examined evolutions in the personal network structure by analyzing over-time trends in the composition of the population’s core discussion networks on four cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys between 1997 and 2015, in the era of post-communism, in Hungary. There has been a very significant change; in fact, a reversal of trends regarding the composition of the core discussion networks (CDNs) concerning kin and non-kin ties over the past decades. Our data suggest that friendship ties gained more importance. There seems to be a generation-specific aspect of the change: young people include family ties less often than older people and this effect strengthens over time. Women still have a higher ratio of kin ties compared to men and this effect does not change significantly during the analyzed period.     

东南亚国家气候变化法律应对之研究

气候变化问题的全球性决定了应对气候变化必须各领域通力合作,法律应对机制的构建必不可少。以往,我们常常将关注点放在气候变化国际法律制度领域的基本问题研究上,而未真正对气候变化国际法律制度进行认真剖析,找出其目前和未来发展阶段的不足之处,东南亚国家深受全球气候变化的影响,因此必须积极面对这一挑战。尽管有必要强调共同但有区别责任原则,但是东南亚各国也有必要提升＂道义责任理念＂,从自身法律完善做起,为温室气体的减排落实真正尽一份力。     

Balancing Efficiency and Legitimacy: Institutional Changes and Rural Health Organization in China

The aim of this article is to contribute to the understanding of the institutional arrangements within which China's rural health facilities are embedded and of the contribution of policy to the creation of these arrangements. Information collected through field observations and in‐depth interviews with the managers, staff and patients of a township health centre indicates that with the gradual evolution of markets, encouraged by state policies, health care in rural China took on more of the characteristics of a commodity. In order to adapt to this change, the health centre and its employees are adjusting their behavioural norms and reconstructing an institutional network within which daily activities of simultaneously fulfilling public health responsibilities and pursuing economic gain are legitimized. This article focuses on the interwoven relationship between politics and markets at the micro level and examines the negotiations between stakeholders in constructing new institutional arrangements. It also describes how health sector managers are creating regulations to influence the performance of their facility. The article argues that while government policies play a crucial role in shaping the direction of development, institutional arrangements strongly influence the attempts by rural health organizations to implement them. It concludes that it is critical to take institutional factors into account in analyzing China's rural health‐care reforms.     

Theory of change models deepen online learning evaluation

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have gained traction as resources for professional development. This article presents the method that we used to evaluate a professional development MOOC for postdoctoral trainees that was created by a university consortium in the US. Most approaches to evaluating MOOCs focus on analysis of participation, outcomes from course assignments, self-reported learning outcomes, course completion and user pathways through the online content or clickstream data. Few published evaluations describe in detail how learning happens within online courses and the anticipated medium and longer term cognitive and behavioral outcomes on participants. This work aims to guide those who are designing, implementing and evaluating MOOCs through applying theories of change to focus evaluation on the process of learning. This approach can be used as a complement to traditional approaches for evaluating MOOCs. We described how we worked with the MOOC team building the content to develop a theory of change for each module (or lesson) within the MOOC and used the theory of change to guide evaluation of short and medium term participant cognitive, affective and attitudinal, and behavioral outcomes. Finally, we share lessons learned and suggestions for implementing theories of change in both the design and evaluation phases of MOOC development.