中国企业建设自主知名品牌的技术准备

中国是全球生产加工中低端产品最大国家之一,其产品制造蕴涵极大产业经济发展潜力。释放其这种潜力的重要工具,是中国企业拥有更多自主知识产权产品和知名品牌。成熟品牌由自主核心技术与相应品牌权益组成,并衍生出品牌消费权益,最终拥有特定品牌资产。品牌已经形成专门的经营管理技术,创建自主知名品牌的中国企业必须做好产品个性研发、产品商品化孵化、品牌营销权益的设计与市场推广诸环节的技术准备。更重要的是,创建自主知名品牌的企业必须引导目标消费族群认同、保有品牌特定的消费权益,并转化为消费者参与其间的品牌文化。     

权利视角下工时制度演进的历史回顾

工时制度历经数百余年的演进过程,从超越人体极限的十几个小时至现代社会适度工作时间的实现,各种权利思想扮演了重要角色。伴随启蒙运动中普遍性权利的觉醒,部分人权思想如平等、自由为后来工时制度演变起到了启蒙作用,启蒙运动后社会权的进一步发展则使劳动者实现了向社会人地位的转变。资本主义的发展使劳动时间的价值凸显并且劳动时间不断被延长,伴随着劳动者地位的改善及工人阶级权利意识的觉醒,工人发起缩短工时的罢工运动并成为工时制度演变的直接推动力。适度性是工时制度所追求的目标,伴随着各方的博弈,工时演变的最终结果是实现了各方的适度性,推动了社会的发展。     

自由主义、共和主义财产权比较研究

财产权是自由主义与共和主义共享的价值理念。两者都强调政府对财产权的保护。两者的区别体现在：自由主义以财产权保护为政府的根本目的,视财产权为个人权利的核心;共和主义以公共利益为政府存在的根本目的,对财产权的保护关键在于财产和人们的公民美德具有同一性。美国宪法共和主义发现了公民美德的脆弱性与公共权力的扩张性,主张以更加制度化的财产法确定人们的财产权,同时强调财产的责任,从而走向个人与集体利益的平衡。     

女权、人权、法定权益——从女性主义视角看婚内强奸

性是夫妻生活中的重要内容,也是妇女人权不可或缺的组成部分。婚内性暴力行为,既是对女方权益的严重侵害,也是对家庭和睦稳定的蚕食。考虑到其特殊性,我国刑法应将婚内性暴力单独设罪,并纳入亲告制度,以此来保护妇女的正当权利。     

论自然体权利及其保护

自然体权利能否在环境法中确认,是近几年来环境法学界一直探讨的话题。传统法学囿于人类中心主义的偏见,从权利、义务和法律关系理论否认自然体权利的存在。党的十九大报告中提出的“人与自然是生命共同体”理念从人与自然整体性视角重新解读自然体的主体性地位,为自然体权利的法律化进程提供了理论依据。针对我国自然体权利在法律规范上的缺失,借鉴国外自然体权利保护实践经验,我国应以自然互惠原则、风险预防原则为基础,以代理制度、公共信托制度、公众参与制度为实践方式,注重自然体受到损害时的补救,提倡自然法庭,构建人与自然生命共同体的自然权利观的中国方案。     

联合国人权机构改革之浅见——对人权理事会和人权委员会的比较分析

创设新的人权理事会取代原人权委员会是联合国人权机构改革的重要步骤,是“加强联合国作用、提高工作效率”改革设想的集中体现。新的人权理事会在成员国规模、构成、产生办法和工作方法等方面都不同于人权委员会,包含了一些新的、积极的因素。新成立的人权理事会,应以避免人权工作政治化和双重标准为今后工作的重要原则和努力方向。     

对发展共产党党内民主的思考

如何发展党内民主,保障党员的民主权利,这是新时期加强党的建设、提高党的执政能力的重大课题。保障党员民主权利是发展党内民主的基础,从中国共产党成立到党的十六大,党成长壮大的每一步,都与发展党内民主、保障党员的民主权利息息相关。目前,党员民主权利的保障还存在一定问题。我们必须从党的建设的全局出发,针对存在的问题,采取切实有力措施,努力建立健全党员民主权利保障机制。     

‘Youth is Present Only When Its Presence is a Problem’: Voices of Young People on Discipline in School

Discipline in schools is a topic of enduring public interest and concern. This article reviews findings from three recent research studies, which gathered views of young people on this issue in mainstream, alternative and special school settings. It reveals the confusion and frustration of students seeking to contribute to the debate, often on aspects that affect them directly and significantly. Their reflections are contextualised within a discussion of different conceptualisations of discipline, and from there, it is argued that, by strengthening the voice, power and presence of young people in dialogue on this key issue, the debate itself will be more relevant and well‐focused.     

The Human Right to Leisure in Old Age: Reinforcement of the Rights of an Aging Population

The right to leisure is recognized as a human right under the 1948 United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The actual meaning and material content of this human right is subject to debate. The aim of this study is to examine the extent and the context to which this human right is specifically recognized with regard to older persons. Methodologically, this study textually analyzed 17 different international older persons’ human rights documents. The findings reveal that in the majority of these documents there is no reference to the right to leisure. In the remaining documents, the right to leisure is mostly referred to indirectly or in a narrow legal construction. These findings support the notion that despite the growing body of knowledge regarding the importance of meaningful leisure in old age—and its empowering and anti-ageist nature—this knowledge has not transformed into a legal human rights discourse.     

Global liberalization on homosexuality: Explaining the African gap

We are trapped in two divergent worlds when it comes to global views on homosexuality. There is the liberal world epitomized by Spain and other nations, where homosexuality is increasingly accepted; gays and lesbians are claiming their human rights; and laws are changing to codify that transformation. The second is the extremely anti-gay world symbolized by Africa, the Middle East and parts of Asia, where attitudes are favorable to criminalization. This research explains the “African Gap” in attitudes toward homosexuality in a comparative analysis of six African nations and Argentina and Canada, South and North America's most liberal nations on gay rights. Using Pew's 2015 Spring Global Attitudes Survey data, we find that the major variables have essentially similar effects on opinion in any context. Africa's distinction is explained by its comparatively higher levels of factors such as religion, morality dogma, and low socioeconomic status that generally retard support for homosexuality, at the same time of lower levels of factors such as education, urbanization, and personal liberty that increase gay support. Africa's extreme anti-gay outlook is mutable. Two social forces will facilitate this softening: expansion of liberalizing agents such as education and urbanization, and repositioning away from “traditionalism” toward modernism emphasizing individualism, civil rights, and personal liberties.