中国城市空气质量的“春节效应”分析——来自31个重点城市的经验证据

近年来,空气污染成为大家十分关注的话题。2014年春节期间,山东、河北、江苏、陕西等省份的多个城市空气质量指数频频爆表,出现了严重的空气污染。分别以2007-2012年、2014年31个重点城市春节期间及其前后的空气质量指数、污染物排放量及人口密度、工业比重、所处区域、客运量等资料为基础,分析了31个重点城市空气质量是否存在显著的"春节效应"。研究表明,城市空气质量的"春节效应"主要表现为"节后效应"。春节期间的空气污染指数比非春节期间高出约6.37%,集中供暖区域的空气污染指数比非集中供暖区域高出约37.04%。2014年城市空气质量存在显著"节后效应"的主要原因是PM2.5、PM10在春节期间的排放量显著高于春节后的排放量。从总量上严格控制春节期间烟花爆竹的燃放数量,并尽快改善北方城市的供暖方式、供暖来源应作为防治空气污染的考虑方向。     

Functional principal component analysis for the explorative analysis of multisite–multivariate air pollution time series with long gaps

The knowledge of the urban air quality represents the first step to face air pollution issues. For the last decades many cities can rely on a network of monitoring stations recording concentration values for the main pollutants. This paper focuses on functional principal component analysis (FPCA) to investigate multiple pollutant datasets measured over time at multiple sites within a given urban area. Our purpose is to extend what has been proposed in the literature to data that are multisite and multivariate at the same time. The approach results to be effective to highlight some relevant statistical features of the time series, giving the opportunity to identify significant pollutants and to know the evolution of their variability along time. The paper also deals with missing value issue. As it is known, very long gap sequences can often occur in air quality datasets, due to long time failures not easily solvable or to data coming from a mobile monitoring station. In the considered dataset, large and continuous gaps are imputed by empirical orthogonal function procedure, after denoising raw data by functional data analysis and before performing FPCA, in order to further improve the reconstruction.     

The computational aspects of multiple attribute sampling procedures

One method of controlling the quality of incoming lots is through attribute sampling. To simultaneously control several (possibly dependent) attributes, properly chosen single attribute sampling plans can be merged into a multiple attribute sampling plan. The general form of such a plan is given and various alternatives are discussed. The multinomial distribution is used to develop formulae necessary for an analysis of a multiple attribute plan. Due to the lengthy nature of the calculations involved, a computer algorithm is outlined.     

Foreign aid and domestic taxation: multiple sources,one conclusion

There are influential studies that argue that foreign aid displaces domestic tax revenue when it is given in the form of grants. These claims are based on data that are deeply problematic: several different sources are amalgamated into one dataset, with no apparent checks on compatibility. In this article, a variety of econometric strategies are used to overcome these issues of data quality. The resulting weight of evidence points to a modest but positive effect on the part of foreign aid generally on domestic tax revenue. Fears over a negative effect for aid grants appear unwarranted, and are accounted for by the inappropriate use of data or endogeneity issues.     

The Spatial Distribution of Quality of Life in the United States and Interstate Migration, 1965–1970 and 1985–1990

This study applies a relatively new method called ‘co-plot’ to examine the relationships between the 48 contiguous states of the United States and selected indicators of quality of life in 1970 and 1990, and how these characteristics coincide with five-year interstate migration rates. The findings show an overall process of polarization of quality of life throughout the country. Strong similarity was found between states of a given division or region. The states which composed New England, the Middle Atlantic and the Pacific divisions are located in the strong sector of the socio-economic space. The direction of migration is toward states of the more external belts of the country. In the second part, multiple regression analysis was applied revealing a strong effect of economic incentives on migration; over time; migration turns into a widespread phenomenon among different socio-economic groups, with income becoming less significant as a predictor of interstate migration.     

东北地区人口城市化水平的特殊性分析

20世纪末期,东北地区人口城市化水平达到50%以上,超过东北地区工业化水平,也超过全国人口城市化平均水平,但目前东北地区人口城市化明显存在着城市现代化基础相对薄弱,工业化发展动力不足的问题。东北地区人口城市化水平超前于区域经济社会发展水平的现象是我国区域城市化和工业化过程中的特有现象,其特征表现为:从发展趋势看,东北地区人口城市化增长速度放缓;从国内外比较看,东北地区人口城市化水平较高的优势已不复存在;从城市化质量指标看,东北地区城市经济总量和城市竞争力相对较低。东北地区的人口城市化虚高问题,在制定人口发展战略乃至实施国民经济发展规划中,尤其需要深入研究并认真加以解决。     

Relationships Between Population Density and the Perceived Quality of Neighbourhood

Two overseas survey-based scales measuring perceived quality of neighbourhood were adapted and replicated in a New Zealand context. An Italian study (Bonaiuto, Fornara, and Bonnes. (2003). Landscape and Urban Planning, 65, 41–52) measuring Perceived Residential Environmental Quality (PREQ) and an American study (Carp and Carp. (1982). Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2, 295–312) using the Perceived Environmental Quality Indices (PEQI) were applied to a sample of Auckland residents, separated into low, medium, and high population density areas. The surveys measured attitudes towards subjects such as noise, neighbours, accessibility, green areas, welfare services, recreational services, safety, maintenance, environmental health, transport services, and characteristics of an ideal neighbourhood, and were completed by 369 respondents. Primary analyses examined differences in perception across the three density groups. The factor structures of both scales were replicated with the Auckland sample, and differences across densities were found for subscales of the PREQ. The results are discussed in relation to the cross-cultural similarities of perceived environmental quality, and the concept that environmental satisfaction is based on balancing aspects of the residential environment is proposed. This research was conducted for the Foundation for Research, Science, and Technology under contract OPSX401.     

Living Arrangements and Quality of Life Among Chinese Canadian Elders

This paper examines the role of living arrangements in thequality of life of community-dwelling Chinese elders (aged 65 andover) currently residing in Vancouver and Victoria, BritishColumbia. Data are based on a random sample of 830 persons[response rate = 71.5%], who were interviewed in their homes inthe language of their choice in 1995–96. Three dimensions ofquality of life – satisfaction, well-being and social support –are examined for married men and women [living with spouse alonevs. living intergenerationally] and widowed women [living alonevs. living intergenerationally]. Few differences are found formarried persons, especially women; for widows, living alonesignificantly reduces quality of life in a number of areas.Regression analyses indicate that living arrangements are not asignificant predictor of life satisfaction or well-being formarried men and women. For widows, living arrangements determinewell-being but not life satisfaction.Overall, age, health status, and social support (havingfriends/confidante) are better predictors of quality of life forelderly Chinese Canadians than are living arrangements. Findingshighlight the importance of: empirically distinguishing maritalstatus and living arrangements in studying the quality of life ofelders; not homogenizing Chinese Canadian seniors with regard toliving arrangements; and focussing on Chinese elderly widows wholive alone as a group at risk of low well-being.     

Quality of Life in Nursing Homes

Abstract

The Nursing Home Reform Act (NHRA) of 1987 established nursing home requirements and dually emphasized quality of care and quality of life outcomes. We researched elders' perceptions of quality of life in nursing homes using focus groups. Analysis revealed four major themes important to residents: generativity, spiritual well-being, homelike environment, and privacy. Themes were used to analyze the disparity between NHRA's goal of dual emphasis and the dominance of quality of care in the treatment of frail elders living in nursing homes. Policies and procedures must be developed that promote decisional control in everyday matters of an older person's life.     

降低高校图书馆拒借率之探讨

图书馆尤其是高校图书馆普遍存在拒借现象 ,有时出现高拒借率。建议从加强藏书建设、健全借阅制度、提高馆员素质和普及图书馆知识四个方面来最大限度地降低拒借率