简论朱熹的理趣诗

宋代理学诗人的说理诗大多是枯燥乏味的语录讲义体,朱熹的说理诗也多为此体.不过作为理学诗人中的杰出代表,朱熹自有其不同凡响的地方,那就是他创作了不少富有理趣的小诗.本文以朱熹的理趣诗为论题,从作品的具体分析出发,辅之以确凿的材料,提出了以下观点:"朱熹的理趣诗是在禅宗以诗说禅方式的影响下创作出来的'示道'之作."     

壮族的史诗婚姻的教本 ——试论壮歌《盘同古》的文化价值及艺术特色

《盘同古》是一部叙述壮族始祖盘和古再造人类的神话故事歌,反映壮歌先民如何从血婚制时代逐步走进一夫一妻制婚姻时代的史实,堪称壮族的创世史诗、婚姻的教本,本文从人类学、文艺学的角度对其丰富的文化价值和精湛的艺术手法进行论述。     

危顽犯帮教转化之我见

罪犯是一个特殊、复杂的群体。危顽犯更是特征明显，如同安放在我们身边的一颗颗定时炸弹，严重干扰、破坏正常的监管改造秩序。因此，妥善解决该难题，拔掉这颗毒牙，成为我们监管改造者调研工作的重中之重。     

Inequalities Among Some Measures of Location

Inequalities involving some sample means and order statistics are established. An upper bound of the absolute difference between the sample mean and median is also derived. Interesting inequalities among the sample mean and the median are obtained for cases when all the observations have the same sign. Some other algebraic inequalities are derived by taking expected values of the sample results and then applying them to some continuous distributions. It is also proved that the mean of a non-negative continuous random variable is at least as large as p times 100(1 ? p)th percentile.     

A note on estimation in a minimum-type model with an exponential factor

The problem of estimating the parameter Q appearing in the distribution function of a continuous random variable T=min{T₁,T₂} is considered, when T₁,T₂ are non-negative independent random variables such that T₁ has an exponential distribution with scale parameter θ and T₂ has a possibly defective distribution function G₂(t) that is G₂(∞) < 1. It is shown that the estimator proposed by Gertsbach [(1967) Theory of Probability and Its Applications, 12 is weekly consistent and asymptotically normal. The merit of this estimator is that the above properties do not depend even on the form of G₂(t) except that G₂(t) and its derivative vanish at zero.     

Robustness of the posterior mean in normal hierarchical models

We consider the problem of robustness in hierarchical Bayes models. Let X = (X₁,X₂, … ,X_p)^τ be a random vector, the X₁ being independently distributed as N(θ₁,σ²) random variables (σ² known), while the θ₁ are thought to be exchangeable, modelled as i.i.d, N(μ,τ²). The hyperparameter µ is given a noninformative prior distribution π(μ) = 1 and τ² is assumed to be independent of µ having a distribution g(τ²) lying in a certain class of distributions g. For several g's, including e-contaminations classes and density ratio classes we determine the range of the posterior mean of θ₁ as g ranges over g.     

Addendum to fitting polynomials to main effects in multi factor experiments: A note concerning polynomial coefficients when all factors are quantitative

When all factors are quantitative, cell means may be expressed as a polynomial function of products of powers of the associated quantitative classification variables. Existence and uniqueness of this polynomial is established for unbalanced data with unequal spacing for no missing cells. The relationship between the coefficients of this polynomial and the main effects polynomials are derived for main effects which are arbitrary weighted averages of the cell means.     

Type i error rates for divisive clustering methods for grouping means in analysis of variance

Five univariate divisive clustering methods for grouping means in analysis of variance are considered.Unlike pairwise multiple comparison procedures, cluster analysis has the advantage of producing non-overlapping groups of the treatment means. Comparisonwise Type I error rates and average numbers of clusters per experiment are examined for a heterogeneous set of 20 true treatment means with 11 embedded homogenous sub-groups of one or more treatments. The results of a simulation study clearly show that observed comparisonwise error rate and number of clusters are determined to a far greater extent by the precision of the experiment (as determined by the magnitude of the standard deviation) than by either the stated significance level or the clustering method used.     

Divergence statistics: sampling properties and multinomial goodness of fit and divergence tests

φ-divergence .statistics are obtained by either replacing both distributions involved in the argument of the φ -divergence measure by their sample estimates or replacing one distribution and considering the other as given. The sampling properties of estimated divergence-type measures are investigated. Approximate means and variances are derived and asymptotic distributions are obtained. Tests of goodness of fit of observed frequencies to expected ones and tests of equality of divergences based on two or more multinomial samples are constructed.     

论汉代政治参与机制

汉代民众有较强的政治参与意识,国家通过立法的形式疏通并拓宽政治参与渠道,参与形式多种多样,主要有言论和活动两种形式,根据不同的政治参与主体、内容和作用具体表现为七种形式:奏章是各级官吏向皇帝表达政治见解的书面材料;召对是文人士子向帝王提出治国之道的口头语言材料;集议是百官集体讨论军政大事为皇帝提供决策方案;诣阙上诉是民众赴京向统治者表达政治见解的行动;谣谚是以百姓为主体表达政治见解的言论;清议是以知识分子为主体表达政治见解的形式;著书立说是文人士子创造文化精品的政治参与形式。汉代建立健全了文书传递制度、决策制度、文官管理制度、监察和司法制度、审计制度等政治参与保障制度,用功名利禄有效地吸引和疏导民众积极参与政治,形成了良好的政治参与机制。