我国劳动力流动市场化程度的地区差异--对中国市场化指数和贫困监测报告有关数据的分析

本文依据中国市场化指数研究报告的数据和世界银行贷款扶贫项目监测报告中的调查数据,考察了我国劳动力流动市场化程度的地区差异问题。研究表明,中国各省市区要素市场的市场化水平持续提升,劳动力流动程度大为提高,各地绝对差异扩大,但市场化程度的相对差距却在下降。由于指数设计上的不足,市场化进程指数体系对劳动力流动性的考察存在缺陷。劳动力的外流对流出地经济市场化进程具有积极作用和正面影响。     

Estimation for u-shaped beta distributions: minimum hellinger distance and related methods

We compare minimum Hellinger distance and minimum Heiiinger disparity estimates for U-shaped beta distributions. Given suitable density estimates, both methods are known to be asymptotically efficient when the data come from the assumed model family, and robust to small perturbations from the model family. Most implementations use kernel density estimates, which may not be appropriate for U-shaped distributions. We compare fixed binwidth histograms, percentile mesh histograms, and averaged shifted histograms. Minimum disparity estimates are less sensitive to the choice of density estimate than are minimum distance estimates, and the percentile mesh histogram gives the best results for both minimum distance and minimum disparity estimates. Minimum distance estimates are biased and a bias-corrected method is proposed. Minimum disparity estimates and bias-corrected minimum distance estimates are comparable to maximum likelihood estimates when the model holds, and give better results than either method of moments or maximum likelihood when the data are discretized or contaminated, Although our re¬sults are for the beta density, the implementations are easily modified for other U-shaped distributions such as the Dirkhlet or normal generated distribution.     

城乡居民收入满意度的比较分析及启示--基于合肥市的调研数据

伴随着城乡居民收入的稳步快速增长，城乡间收入差距增大的现象也日渐显现，通过对合肥市城乡居民收入状况的满意程度进行问卷调查，经过数据处理，分析和比较了居民对于城乡收入绝对值和相对值的满意程度，在此基础上，从理论层面归纳合肥市收入分配存在的问题。     

中国贫富悬殊的成因与对策:制度层面的考察

制度是关于人或组织的行为规范、规则和惯例的总和,它规定并塑造着个人或组织的行为。不合理的制度能够加剧贫富悬殊,而合理的制度则可以控制并缩小贫富悬殊。当前中国贫富悬殊现象已经到了非常严重的地步,并且多项研究表明中国的贫富差距存在继续扩大的趋势。在制度转型的过程中,制度的不完善和不合理是造成贫富悬殊的重要原因,因此从制度层面采取切实可行的政策措施来遏制贫富悬殊的进一步扩大至关重要。当前,应理顺收入分配体制,利用税收杠杆调节过高收入,缩小居民个人收入差距;促进城乡平衡发展和区域经济协调发展,缩小城乡差距和地区差距;建立健全社会保障体系,促进社会和谐发展。     

基于收入构成的农民收入的地区差距及其演变

为了探索农民收入地区差距的变动趋势,本文选取1995-2009年的省级农民人均纯收入数据,利用基尼系数从收入来源角度探究农村地区差距的构成及变动,找出最主要的因素。研究结果表明,工资性收入是构成地区差距的主要因素,家庭经营收入始终起着差距促减作用。农村地区收入差距的拉大主要归因于结构效应。     

量刑不均的立法解决

量刑不均作为现阶段危害法治的重要因素,日益引起人们的关注。但引起量刑不均的原因是多方面的,也很复杂。从立法、法律的角度分析量刑不均的表现及成因,并借鉴国外先进的立法经验,提出重构量刑原则、建立"罪刑阶梯"、完善量刑程序的立法对策。     

Pathways to adoption for minority ethnic children in England – reasons for entry to care

There have been concerns about the over‐representation of minority ethnic children in care in England for many years. This paper reports on the reasons why a sample of 120 minority ethnic children with adoption recommendations entered care. The study found no evidence that children were being removed unfairly or in a discriminatory way. However, there were significant differences by ethnic group in the characteristics of children and their mothers, in reasons for entry and in age at referral. These differences needed to be better understood, and interventions targeted at improving the circumstances and stresses within families that lead to abuse, neglect or relinquishment are also needed. Simply focusing on reducing the number of minority ethnic children in care will not in itself produce better outcomes for children.     

我国社会保障财政支出地区差异性的聚类分析

我国经济发展的不平衡导致社会保障财政支出存在地区间差异。2001至2010年我国人均社会保障支出呈现的周期性变化,近年东、中、西和东北四大地带内的差异是中国社会保障财政支出差异性的主要原因,尤以东部地带差异性显著。针对上述地区差异,利用谱系聚类方法,按社会保障财政能力的相似性将我国各地区分为四类。根据这一分类建议：我国要进一步完善社会保障补助制度,在增加社会保障财政支出的同时,发展各地区经济,平衡各地区之间的财政能力,实现全国社会保障均衡发展。     

区域差异视角下城镇居民的住房产权获得机制——基于CGSS2006数据的实证研究

利用CGSS2006调查数据,使用广义阶层线性模型,在区域差异视角下,研究中国城镇居民住房产权的获得机制。研究结果显示,从地区层面来看,在控制了房价因素后,地区市场化水平对城镇居民住房自有率呈正向影响;从个人层面来看,相对于技术精英、政治精英在获得自住房产权上更具优势,同时,单位提供住房福利的实际能力也对职工自住房产权的获得具有显著影响。     

Racial/ethnic disparity in child welfare systems: A longitudinal study utilizing the Disparity Index (DI)

The purpose of the study is to examine racial/ethnic disparity among children and families that are involved with the child welfare system. Specifically, the authors explore whether or not disparity levels and long-term changes in disparity in California child welfare systems are significant. In addition, the study investigates how county characteristics such as child poverty rates, unemployment rates, and rurality are associated with levels of disparity and changes in racial/ethnic disparity over time. Using a Latent Growth Curve (LGC) modeling approach, the study estimated the trajectories of county-level Disparity Index (DI) scores (Shaw, Putnam-Hornstein, Magruder, & Needell, 2008). African American and Hispanic/Latino children were compared to Caucasian children for two phases of the child welfare process: substantiated allegations and entries, between 2005 and 2008. The results demonstrate that racial/ethnic disparity between African American and Caucasian children was significant at both phases of the child welfare process in 2008. However, disparity between Hispanic/Latino and White children was not significant. Levels of disparity between African American and Caucasian children remained constant over time. Regarding the effects of county characteristics, higher child poverty rates, higher unemployment rates and rurality were related to lower levels of disparity. In addition, unemployment rates were associated with increasing rates of change in entries disparity between African American and Caucasian children. And urbanicity was associated with increasing rates of change in substantiated allegations disparity between Hispanic/Latino and Caucasian children. The study's implications for future research are discussed.