中国居民收入分配差距扩大的原因及对策分析

中国居民收入分配差距的扩大在近年来越来越严重 ,这不仅表现在城乡居民间 ,还表现在 :城市内部、农村内部、区域之间、不同行业之间、不同所有制企业之间等各个方面。文章从经济发展、经济改革、世界经济发展潮流的角度分析了造成差距的原因 ,指出了其存在的一定合理性与不合理性 ,并提出了加快发展西部中心城市等相关对策建议     

论宋代华北平原的桑蚕丝织业

唐宋时期 ,经济重心南移。但宋代华北平原桑蚕丝织业仍极兴盛。桑蚕丝织业遍布所有的府州军 ,贡绢州的比例也高于其他地区 ;丝织品的质量精细厚重、数量丰富 ,仍为宋政府丝织品的主要供应地 ,且商品率高。这说明 ,华北平原仍是全国桑蚕丝织业生产的重心 ,桑蚕丝织业重心的南移与经济重心的南移并不同步     

管理创新在经济增长中贡献的定量分析

对于加强管理创新 ,提高经济效率以促进经济增长的研究很多 ,但是对于管理创新在经济增长中贡献的定量测度尚很少研究。文章认为广义技术进步主要分为两方面 ,一方面表现为科学技术的进步 ,即资本和劳动质量的提高 ,另一方面表现为资源配置效率的提高 ,它们分别是技术创新和管理创新的结果。文章提出了测度管理创新在经济增长中贡献的方法——扣除法 ,并采用经验分析的方法定量测度了管理创新在中国经济增长中的贡献。     

资产收益估价思想的历史考察

收益还原估价法是现代资产估价理论三大基本估价方法之一,古典经济学家配第提出了资产收益估价的思想萌芽,新古典经济学家马歇尔发展了资产收益估价思想,提出了系统的资产收益估价理论与基本模型,为资产收益估价理论的形成做出了重要贡献,他们的价值思想和资产估价思想至今仍为经济界和资产评估界广为使用,并形成了现代资产收益估价体系的理论基石,对现代资产估价理论产生了重大影响。     

论网络空间的社会风险

互联网的崛起为人们的日常生活、学习和工作带来了诸多便利,然而,作为一种全新的信息技术范式,互联网也给人类社会生活带来了许多新的风险。文章分析和论述了网络风险的各种表现形式、网络风险的实质以及网络风险产生的根源,以期为网络风险管理提供借鉴。     

转型期民间投资及其法律规制的制度逻辑--一个关于中国经济法现实运作基础的经验考察

本文立足于已持续二十多年的中国市场化取向的渐进改革,借助发生在甘肃省古浪县时间跨度超过15年的农村"机井"投资纠纷司法个案,对其中牵涉到的农业生产基本设施(机井),及其所引发的公有产权(特别是集体产权)与私人产权之间因"产权交易"而展开的"博弈"的具体分析,揭示了中国社会经济转型期民间投资的真实和普遍语境--即始终存在于同公有产权和国家权力相互碰撞和纠缠的夹缝中.在此基础上,通过反思现有法学研究及司法审判在方法和思路方面的缺憾,对转型期民间投资法律规制的制度逻辑进行了探讨,并结合其他领域的民闻投资实践,对转型期中国经济法存在和发挥作用的现实基础进行了思考.     

The Role of Cancer Risk in the Regulation of Industrial Pollution

The extent of carcinogen regulation under existing U.S. environmental statutes is assessed by developing measures of the scope and stringency of regulation. While concern about cancer risk has played an important political role in obtaining support for pollution control programs, it has not provided the predominant rationale for most regulatory actions taken to date. Less than 20% of all standards established to limit concentrations of chemicals in various media address carcinogens. Restrictions on chemical use are more frequently based on concerns about noncancer human health or ecological effects. Of the chemicals in commercial use which have been identified as potential human carcinogens on the basis of rodent bioassays, only a small proportion are regulated. There is an inverse relationship between the scope of regulatory coverage and the stringency of regulatory requirements: the largest percentages of identified carcinogens are affected by the least stringent requirements, such as information disclosure. Standards based on de minimis cancer risk levels have been established for only 10% of identified carcinogens and are restricted to one medium: water. Complete bans on use have affected very few chemicals. The general role that carcinogenicity now plays in the regulatory process is not dramatically different from that of other adverse human health effects: if a substance is identified as a hazard, it may eventually be subject to economically achievable and technically feasible restrictions.     

Physiologically Based Liver Modeling and Risk Assessment

Because of the inherent complexity of biological systems, there is often a choice between a number of apparently equally applicable physiologically based models to describe uptake and metabolism processes in toxicology or risk assessment. These models may fit the particular data sets of interest equally well, but may give quite different parameter estimates or predictions under different (extrapolated) conditions. Such competing models can be discriminated by a number of methods, including potential refutation by means of strategic experiments, and their ability to suitably incorporate all relevant physiological processes. For illustration, three currently used models for steady-state hepatic elimination--the venous equilibration model, the parallel tube model, and the distributed sinusoidal perfusion model--are reviewed and compared with particular reference to their application in the area of risk assessment. The ability of each of the models to describe and incorporate such physiological processes as protein binding, precursor-metabolite relations and hepatic zones of elimination, capillary recruitment, capillary heterogeneity, and intrahepatic shunting is discussed. Differences between the models in hepatic parameter estimation, extrapolation to different conditions, and interspecies scaling are discussed, and criteria for choosing one model over the others are presented. In this case, the distributed model provides the most general framework for describing physiological processes taking place in the liver, and has so far not been experimentally refuted, as have the other two models. These simpler models may, however, provide useful bounds on parameter estimates and on extrapolations and risk assessments.     

三峡生态金融系统研究

本文提出了三峡生态金融系统的基本概念。三峡生态金融系统的基本模式是区域生态、经济、金融、科技等系统所构成的复合系统在结构、功能、行为上既遵循生态规律 ,又遵循经济规律的金融发展模式。三峡生态金融系统的主要任务是服从和服务于三峡生态经济区建设 ,通过金融政策导向 ,运用多种金融工具 ,引导和推进三峡库区沿着可持续发展方向 ,实现从工业化欠发达区域向生态化区域的跨越式发展。通过构建区域性金融中心等途径和方法 ,实现三峡库区生态经济区的发展目标。为此提出了增强金融比较优势、提高信贷资产质量、应对WTO挑战、构建生态金融安全区、综合开发利用政策资源、建立经济金融协调机制和重视民间投资等政策建议     

南唐经济发展原因及其相对性探要

南唐是五代十国时期南方国家中与中原抗衡的中坚力量， 其经济发展取得了很大成就。统治者施行保境息民政策、实施阻断北方割据势力南渐的策略 以及唐代江淮地区经济发展的基础等，是经济得以恢复和发展的重要原因；而与邻邦之间的 长期战争、小生产模式下沉重的封建剥削和日益激化的派系斗争，则使南唐的经济发展仍未 达到理想的水平。探索南唐经济发展的原因及其相对性，具有重要的历史和现实意义。