城乡统筹背景下社区居务监督委员会制度的实践考察与反思

社区居务监督委员会制度是现代社区民主监督制度的重要创新。在地方制度文本的阐释中,社区居务监督委员会制度作为立足现代新型社区场域的新生事物,与传统村务监督委员会制度既存在制度意义上的共同性,又在面向对象与内容上具有差异性。通过比较社区居务监督委员会制度的实践,发现虽然这一制度在社区实践中存在不同的样态,但在发展缘起、组织关系、人员构成、运行机制等方面已形成一些共性的经验。因此,在城乡统筹背景下进一步推进社区居务监督委员会制度的发展,既需要立足城乡统筹规划的发展背景,又需要结合社区居务监督委员会制度实践发展的既有进度。要做到注重城乡社区自治的参照性成长传统,切实实现城乡社区建设的统筹性规划,充分考虑政策设计中地区的差异化发展,并在实践中高度重视盘存与整合社区既有同类资源,以期实现发展效益的最大化。     

论知识管理在高校学生工作中的应用

知识管理作为目前全球最热门的研究课题之一,已经越来越受到各类组织的青睐.文章从知识管理的基本属性出发,分析了知识管理对高校学生工作的作用和意义,探索在高校学生工作中运用知识管理的途径和方法,努力构建新时期学生工作的新途径.     

“There Ain’t No Bond in Town Like There Used to Be”: The Destruction of Social Capital in the West Virginia Coalfields1

There is a paucity of research focusing on the circumstances that cause or contribute to a decline in social capital within communities. Furthermore, relatively few researchers employ qualitative methods in their studies of social capital, despite the multidimensional and many‐layered nature of this concept, characteristics that make social capital well suited for qualitative analysis. To address these two gaps in social capital research, I explore the mechanisms that have led to a depletion of social capital in the southern coal‐producing region of West Virginia. I examine whether the coal industry, which has caused bitter conflicts among residents over environmental degradation and union loyalties, has also undermined social capital in the region. My principal data include 40 semi‐structured, face‐to‐face interviews with randomly selected individuals in a coal‐mining town and a demographically similar non‐coal‐mining town in West Virginia. I analyze the experiences of residents in each town, assessing the qualitative differences in community and personal life associated with social capital. I find that the loss of social capital in the coal‐mining community has arisen through a combination of depopulation and the community‐wide conflict that arose when an anti‐union coal company bought out the union coal mine at which many in the community worked, challenging the union identity so engrained in this region.     

对当前高校学生社团工作的思考

高校学生社团作为校园文化建设的主体力量和学生第二课堂的重要组成部分,愈来愈受到大学生的喜爱,已成为校园生活的一个热点。为充分发挥高校社团在培养大学生素质和创新能力方面的作用,高等学校应加强社团的规范化、制度化建设,加大指导和扶持力度,保证社团健康发展。     

西部民族地区经济空间结构演进研究

发展西部民族地区经济必须加快空间结构演进。西部民族地区空间结构演进的动力来自于城镇的发展壮大。点轴推进是西部民族地区经济空间开发状态。特色农业、资源产业、高新技术产业、旅游产业这四大优势产业支撑西部民族地区经济空间结构优化演进。     

渔农民利益表达机制研究——以浙江省舟山市为例

完善渔农民利益表达机制是构建社会主义和谐社会的基础性工作,具有保持国家政治稳定、促进经济健康发展和实现社会和谐的重要意义。现行渔农民利益表达机制上存在着国家政治体制内渠道不畅通、效率滞后,体制外表达无序和负面效应等问题。应以国家基本政治制度规定的各级人大为主体,以渔农村新型社区为平台,通过建立社区人大代表工作站、把信访纳入人大职能、实行基层信访代理制等等措施,使渔农民的利益表达通过体制内渠道顺畅地进入国家法律和政府的公共政策。     

清末四川庙产兴学进程中的砍伐庙树

清末四川庙产兴学过程中,作为庙会公产资源之一的庙树,在各地都曾被砍伐,以为修缮、营造学堂之用,或筹作学堂运作经费。在不同的地区,砍伐庙树的目的和特点有所不同。同时,砍伐庙树过程中存在弊混谋利的情况,引起了大量的冲突和诉讼,反映出清季推行现代化过程中国家与民众及民众团体在传统的习惯、仪式和信仰问题上常发生的对抗。对这一问题的考察,可增加我们对晚清地方学务运作过程和近代乡村社会文化变迁的了解。     

How do private entrepreneurs transform local social capital into economic capital? Four case studies from rural Denmark

Bourdieu's (1986) General Theory of the Economy of Practices assumes that people perpetually transform tangible and intangible forms of capital according to certain ‘laws of conversion’. On this background, and combining sociology and micro-economics, we analyze specific strings of capital conversion in time and space. More specifically, we raise the question: How do private entrepreneurs transform local social capital into economic capital? We combine in-depth interviews with four private entrepreneurs in rural Denmark with Prisoner's Dilemma game theory. Thus each of our cases illustrates one of the outcomes in the PD matrix. In this way we explain why only one of the four entrepreneurs succeeds in capitalizing social capital.     

On “Black Swans” and “Perfect Storms”: Risk Analysis and Management When Statistics Are Not Enough

Two images, “black swans” and “perfect storms,” have struck the public's imagination and are used—at times indiscriminately—to describe the unthinkable or the extremely unlikely. These metaphors have been used as excuses to wait for an accident to happen before taking risk management measures, both in industry and government. These two images represent two distinct types of uncertainties (epistemic and aleatory). Existing statistics are often insufficient to support risk management because the sample may be too small and the system may have changed. Rationality as defined by the von Neumann axioms leads to a combination of both types of uncertainties into a single probability measure—Bayesian probability—and accounts only for risk aversion. Yet, the decisionmaker may also want to be ambiguity averse. This article presents an engineering risk analysis perspective on the problem, using all available information in support of proactive risk management decisions and considering both types of uncertainty. These measures involve monitoring of signals, precursors, and near‐misses, as well as reinforcement of the system and a thoughtful response strategy. It also involves careful examination of organizational factors such as the incentive system, which shape human performance and affect the risk of errors. In all cases, including rare events, risk quantification does not allow “prediction” of accidents and catastrophes. Instead, it is meant to support effective risk management rather than simply reacting to the latest events and headlines.     

Uncertainty Analysis in Fault Tree Models with Dependent Basic Events

In general, two types of dependence need to be considered when estimating the probability of the top event (TE) of a fault tree (FT): “objective” dependence between the (random) occurrences of different basic events (BEs) in the FT and “state‐of‐knowledge” (epistemic) dependence between estimates of the epistemically uncertain probabilities of some BEs of the FT model. In this article, we study the effects on the TE probability of objective and epistemic dependences. The well‐known Frèchet bounds and the distribution envelope determination (DEnv) method are used to model all kinds of (possibly unknown) objective and epistemic dependences, respectively. For exemplification, the analyses are carried out on a FT with six BEs. Results show that both types of dependence significantly affect the TE probability; however, the effects of epistemic dependence are likely to be overwhelmed by those of objective dependence (if present).