模态逻辑与哲学

模态逻辑是关于必然性与可能性的逻辑,因此也就涉及到必然与可能相关的一些哲学问题。除语义学方面的问题外,模态逻辑自身也存在与哲学相关的问题,如本质主义问题、抽象实体的存在性问题等。模态逻辑也引发一些哲学问题,如可能世界的本体论问题,可能个体的跨界同一和识别问题等。模态逻辑的研究成果对当代哲学的发展也具有重要的意义。当代马克思主义哲学的研究也应该结合与考察现代逻辑的研究成果。     

坚持实践认识论不断提高对社会主义的认识水平

马克思主义的实践认识论是认识客观世界发展规律的科学的思想方法和认识方法。马克思、恩格斯分析未来社会的基本态度和对待共产主义的思想方法集中地体现了实践认识论 ;邓小平坚持从中国的具体国情出发 ,坚持在改革开放和现代化建设实践中搞清楚什么是社会主义 ,怎样建设社会主义这个首要的基本的理论问题 ;继续坚持在社会主义建设实践的进程中探索社会主义的建设规律 ,是社会主义事业不断取得成功的重要保证     

The Epistemological Significance of the Theory of Social Representations

The theory of social representations must be understood in terms of its proper epistemology so that it can accomplish its full potential in social sciences. This is often difficult to achieve because researchers comprehend it in terms of concepts that are part of static and individualistic Newtonian epistemology rather than in terms of dynamic and relational Einsteinian epistemology. This article considers three signposts that Moscovici identifies and analyses in the theory of relativity, namely the relation between epistemology and science, theory and method, and the argument against the explanation of effects by their causes. The following question is posed: are these signposts also characteristic of the theory of social representations? This question is examined focusing on interactional epistemology, theory and method and the diversity of natural thinking and communication. Moscovici's Psychoanalysis shows that natural thinking appears in a plurality of modes according to the situation in which it takes place and according to social groups towards which it is directed. Natural thinking is controversial and communication‐centred. Different professionals, groups and lay people use different kinds of speaking and different communicative genres when they try to resolve “the same” problem. The article suggests that bringing together dialogicality, dialogical linguistics and the theory of social representations may open up new possibilities for theoretical developments in social psychology.     

当代中国人文精神的建构：理论前提与实践路径

正确理解人文精神的内涵及实质．是当代中国人文精神建构的理论前提。近年来,我国许多学者对人文精神的理解存在着本质主义的倾向。马克思实践唯物主义展示了人文精神的生成性,为我们正确理解人文精神提供了一个全新的视角。文章认为,必须从实践唯物主义角度来理解当代中国人文精神的实质及其生成特性,从中国社会经济、政治、文化的变迁中寻求当代中国人文精神建构的实践路径。     

科学与技术认识论、方法论的当代比较

当代科学哲学之科学实践哲学的新趋向和技术哲学的经验转向,突破了表象主义、理论优位的科学观,为人们提供了崭新的实践的科学观和技术观,为科学与技术认识论、方法论的比较研究提供了前提和条件,使得科学与技术在认识论与方法论上的沟通、统一成为必要和可能;科学实践是为了认识自然而去改造自然的活动,而技术实践是为了改造自然而去认识自然的活动;无论是科学实践,还是技术实践,都涉及关于实在、形而上学信念、主体与客体、目的与方法、规律与规则、发现与发明、事实与价值、理论与解释、检验与评价等要素,这些要素之间的关系逻辑化,即形成科学技术认识的动态过程和发展;以虚拟技术为代表的数字化技术的出现,导致了人的实践形态由现实实践向虚拟实践的拓展,科学技术认识模式从现实性向虚拟性的转换,使得科学技术的认识过程发展成为描述性认识和建构性、虚拟性认识的互补、互渗、互进的过程,把人类的科学技术认识活动推向一个崭新的阶段。     

《水浒传》的哲学诠释学解读

《水浒传》主题思想诠释史就是文学意义“此在性”的解读史,它体现了诠释的本体论特点,也反映了在文学领域中传统认识论基础上的解读方法即对于作者原意的探求是有其局限性的:在人文科学领域中的“主体-客体二分”的解读是对于自然科学方法论的拙劣模仿,它忽视了读者的“前理解”与文本意义生成的同一性。当然,哲学诠释学的解读也有滑向相对主义的危险,因此,在对文学作品的诠释过程中要注意诠释的整体性原则和历史性原则。     

法律解释的认识论困境及其消解

在主客二分的认识图式下,法律解释的目标是追求具有客观实存性的立法者意图或者文本意图,然而方法论意义上的法律解释难以摆脱其在认识论上的主观性与客观性、历史性与非历史性的悖论.对法律解释的认识论目标进行哲学检讨,可以得知方法论意义上的法律解释犯了真理符合论的谬误,因在本体论意义上对真理错误的预设导致了认识论目标的谬误.所以,必须对法律解释的目标重新检讨,将法律解释的客观性与有效性区分开来,而法律解释的有效性是通过融贯性和共识性共同保障的.     

Reactions to Transgender Women and Men in Public Restrooms: Correlates and Gender Differences

This study examined reactions to transgender people in public restrooms. Participants (n = 158) completed measures of essentialism and trait aggression and read scenarios where they imagined sharing a restroom with a transwoman or a transman. Participants indicated which restroom targets should use and rated potential negative reactions. Results indicate that targets were assigned to restrooms corresponding to birth sex rather than chosen identity. Women’s reactions to transgender women were more negative than men’s; men were more negative in reactions toward transmen. Essentialism predicted some (but not all) reactions for all participants. Among women, trait aggression predicted negative reactions, but only to transmen. Among men, aggression predicted negative reactions, but only toward transwomen. This suggests that despite views that transgender people belong in birth-sex restrooms, men and women’s trait aggression predicts negative reactions toward them in such instances.     

Between Representations and Subjectivity: Gender Binaries and the Politics of Organizational Transformation

The distinction between male and female and masculinity and femininity continues to polarize relations between the sexes in ways that generally subordinate, marginalize, or undermine women with respect to men. The gender literature has recently challenged the singular and unitary conception of gender identity, arguing that there are a multiplicity of masculinities and femininities that are often fragile, fragmented and fluid. Despite this, the binary relationship between men and women continues to obstruct the development of sexual equality. This article is concerned with focusing critically on this binary and, in particular, its association with hierarchy, where men dominate women and masculinity assigns to femininity a marginal or ‘Other’ inferior status. It suggests that hierarchy is a condition and consequence of the reification of the binary that is difficult to challenge from within a representational epistemology that continues to dominate even studies of gender, let alone social science more generally. Deconstructing the gender binary is simply to challenge the reification of the terms wherein the divisions between male and female, masculine and feminine or men and women are treated as absolute and unchanging. The article examines conceptions of masculinity and the debate between Foucauldian and anti‐Foucauldian feminists as a basis for developing its argument. It then concludes that gender analysis can only deconstruct the hierarchical content of the gender binary by disrupting masculine hegemony at work. One way of facilitating this is temporarily to occupy a space between representations of gender and the conditions of subjectivity and language that make them possible.     

科学哲学逻辑结构初探

本文在论证了科学哲学研究对象和方法的基础上,提出了以科学概念为中心,以科学本体论、科学认识论、科学史哲学为内容的马克思主义科学哲学逻辑结构的构想。