学术期刊同行评审专家审稿行为及其优化研究

同行评审专家审稿已成为学术期刊决定稿件是否录用的关键环节,是增强期刊选稿科学性、提升作者学术论文水平、推动同行学术交流的重要保证。但同行评审专家在提升学术期刊审稿质量的同时,出现评审影响交叉学科学术创新、因尽责不足影响期刊稿件评审质量、因人情关系影响审稿客观公正等问题。归根结底均缘于学科壁垒导致同行评审专家难以突破领域界限、权责不等使其难以享受应有之权、因监督缺失难以完全理性评议。文章提出拓展同行评审专家角色定位、完善审稿激励机制、建立同行评审专家审稿质量评价制度等建议。     

Teaching Students by Having Them Emulate an Expert System

Summary

An expert system, designed to demonstrate a procedure that students found difficult to master, became the stimulus and the prototype for developing a better way to teach this material. The new method was to have students simulate the computer by rigidly following a set of explicit instructions. This enabled the students to learn what formerly eluded them: the logical deduction of new hypotheses from a set of linkable propositions. Success in carrying out this mechanical task became the basis for their understanding the logic behind the procedure.     

改革师范教育，培养学者型教师

现代教师应当是学者型教师,不仅以自己的知识和能力,而且也以自己的为人教育学生如何做人和学习.应深化改革现行师范教育,从增强道德责任感、发展批判思维、提高反思意识和能力等途径培养学者型教师.     

Using Expert Models in Human Reliability Analysis—A Dependence Assessment Method Based on Fuzzy Logic

In human reliability analysis (HRA), dependence analysis refers to assessing the influence of the failure of the operators to perform one task on the failure probabilities of subsequent tasks. A commonly used approach is the technique for human error rate prediction (THERP). The assessment of the dependence level in THERP is a highly subjective judgment based on general rules for the influence of five main factors. A frequently used alternative method extends the THERP model with decision trees. Such trees should increase the repeatability of the assessments but they simplify the relationships among the factors and the dependence level. Moreover, the basis for these simplifications and the resulting tree is difficult to trace. The aim of this work is a method for dependence assessment in HRA that captures the rules used by experts to assess dependence levels and incorporates this knowledge into an algorithm and software tool to be used by HRA analysts. A fuzzy expert system (FES) underlies the method. The method and the associated expert elicitation process are demonstrated with a working model. The expert rules are elicited systematically and converted into a traceable, explicit, and computable model. Anchor situations are provided as guidance for the HRA analyst's judgment of the input factors. The expert model and the FES‐based dependence assessment method make the expert rules accessible to the analyst in a usable and repeatable way, with an explicit and traceable basis.     

Investigative vs. Clinical Emphasis in Child Custody Evaluation: A Reflection on Austin and Kirkpatrick(2004)

ABSTRACT

There is an ongoing discussion regarding the role of psychologists in child custody relative to clinical vs. investigative roles. The issues revolve around how expansive or how limited a professional might be in addressing the concerns of families, adults and children in high conflict custody cases. In the article, the investigative or more maximalist role is discussed in the light of the alternative more clinical or minimalist stance. An argument is advanced that we may be limited to a more clinical/minimalist role if we are to stay within the confines of research informed practice standards.     

Doing It Well

SUMMARY

Social workers are being challenged internationally to be accountable by defining competency standards at beginning and advanced levels. The study that is the subject of this article will develop the work of one of the authors, which involved a 5-year longitudinal study of beginning social workers and another of experienced social workers. These studies resulted in a book on professional expertise (Fook, Ryan, & Hawkins, 2000). The present study furthered that work and subjected this theory of professional expertise to further testing by examining the work of a sample of expert (rather than experienced) social workers in the mental health field in Melbourne, Australia. Data was collected from a selected sample of mental health social workers by the use of focus group interview. This article reports on the study's findings and discusses their significance and application.     

Updating Parameters of the Chicken Processing Line Model

A mathematical model of chicken processing that quantitatively describes the transmission of Campylobacter on chicken carcasses from slaughter to chicken meat product has been developed in Nauta et al. (2005). This model was quantified with expert judgment. Recent availability of data allows updating parameters of the model to better describe processes observed in slaughterhouses. We propose Bayesian updating as a suitable technique to update expert judgment with microbiological data. Berrang and Dickens's data are used to demonstrate performance of this method in updating parameters of the chicken processing line model.     

Engineering of a decision support system for underground coal mine planning and production scheduling

This paper reports on the development of a computer-based management information system at Datong Coal Company, the largest subsidiary of China National Coal Corporation. Particularly presented is the development methodology of a decision support system for underground coal mine planning and production scheduling, including an integration of computer graphics, database management, mathematical modelling and knowledge engineering techniques and a coupling of life cycle and prototyping software engineering processes to support systems quality assurance.     

通儒治经之法用以治医经——清代大儒焦循的治医理念

清代大儒焦循儒医兼治,他的经学著作是清代学术的典范之作,不但反映了清代中后期的学术风貌,而且尽显清代扬州学派的通学风貌;他治医主张"通儒治经之法用以治医经",他的治医理念从另一侧面表现了他的通儒风采与通儒精神。     

基于总线观测的微机故障诊断专家系统研究

采用与或树、产生式规则和ＤＢＭＳ相结合的知识表示方法建立专家系统。论述了基于总线观测的知识获取与诊断方法，提出了基于总线观测的可测性分析方法和故障信息的相关性分析方法。该方法为总线测试信息的有效性及故障搜索策略的生成与优化提供了分析和判断依据，使系统有较高的推理效率和诊断分辨率。