高校知识女性社会性别意识现状调查与对策思考

社会性别意识研究是对女性问题深层次的文化思考。文章通过对高校知识女性社会性别意识现状的调查,认为性别不平等的原因主要在于社会资源的分配与享用不平等;社会平等机制不健全;父权制文化影响深远,对此应采取积极的措施加以改进。我们应进行深层次的文化批判,加强社会性别研究;开辟新途径,传播新现念;努力建立和健全社会性别平等的新机制。     

社会性别问题历史唯物主义考察的典型呈现——马克思《路易斯·亨·摩尔根（古代社会）摘要》研究

马克思围绕摩尔根《古代社会》做了一系列阐释,将社会性别问题放在整个人类社会历史进程中加以考察。在马克思看来,财产权是家庭和人类社会发展最根本的动力。财产的占有和分配在人类社会生活当中地位显要。社会财富的增长和父权制血缘关系的基本要求是家庭婚姻关系特别是女性在社会生活中地位转化的根本原因。财产关系的变化使家庭婚姻关系从母系氏族走向了父系氏族,父权制度更通过财产关系获得了政治关系乃至整个社会关系当中的优势位置。父权制度通过社会生活和政治制度的力量将其自身发展到了相当的程度。因女性问题的根源在于财产所有制和继承关系,财产所有制继承关系成为凌驾于女性甚至全人类之上并产生剥削和私有制关系。只有解除剥削和私有制关系的基础上消灭财产关系作为社会唯一根本的衡量标准的社会形态,女性问题才能得到消解。     

全球化与中国妇女健康

全球化已成为当今世界的主要特征。它是一把双刃剑:既可给妇女健康带来积极的影响,推进妇女健康的发展;又可以给妇女健康带来消极影响,损害妇女的身心健康。这里着重探讨全球化机制———特别是公民社会和公共政策的发展,市场化、商业化与私有化对社会服务的介入———与中国妇女健康的互动关系,可以促进中国健康政策的改革与性别平等事业的发展。     

从异化劳动到性别异化——马克思异化理论的发展

马克思在《1844年经济学——哲学手稿》中第一次全面、系统地阐述了“异化劳动”理论,在《德意志意识形态》中又从实践、从现实的生活条件进一步理解异化,发展了异化劳动的理论;《资本论》对异化劳动的产生及在生产、流通直到分配等各个方面的异化逐一作了具体分析,是马克思异化思想的进一步深入发展。马克思主义女性主义者借鉴了马克思的异化理论,并将其运用于家庭和私人生活领域,创造性地提出了性别异化理论,性别异化理论可以说是马克思异化劳动理论在资本主义社会新阶段的发展。马克思主义女性主义者将异化拓展到家务劳动、两性关系、思想意识领域,并通过由异化所导致的妇女社会地位的分析,最后提出了要消除异化实现妇女解放的道路和途径。      

DESIGN OF DIGITAL DEMOCRACIES: Performances of citizenship, gender and IT

The point of departure for this article is several Swedish IT policies that articulate goals for further development of the welfare state, which demand and enable active citizenship as well as enrolment of IT in the performance of this active citizenship. This article also examines the performance of active citizenship in a variety of sociotechnical arenas where people and technology coexist. Does the notion of active citizenship turn out a number of performances when translated into materialized technologies, such as Internet portals and web-based services? The authors juxtapose the policies with a construction of agencies in the story of citizens' design. In the last section, the discussions taking place in the parliament of things are summarized and related to the problematizations of citizenship, gender and IT.     

Separating Spheres? Diverging Trends in Youth's Gender Attitudes About Work and Family

The authors investigated whether trends in attitudes about gender were consistent with the gender stall primarily occurring in the family domain and examined potential mechanisms associated with changing gender norms. Using data from Monitoring the Future surveys (1976–2015), the authors assessed three components of trends in youth's beliefs about gender: the marketplace, the family, and mothers' employment. Findings showed continued increases in egalitarianism from 1976 through the mid‐1990s across all three dimensions. Thereafter, support for egalitarianism in the public sphere plateaued at high levels, rising support for mothers' employment persisted at a slower pace, and conventional ideology about gender in families returned. The changing demographic composition of American high school students did not account for the gender attitude trends. Youth's mothers' employment and increased education were related to increased egalitarianism. Changes in population averages of mothers' employment and educational attainment were only weakly associated with increases in egalitarian attitudes.     

Scaling Back and Finding Flexibility: Gender Differences in Parents' Strategies to Manage Work–Family Conflict

Studies show that fathers report work–family conflict levels comparable to mothers. The authors examine gender differences in work‐related strategies used to ease such conflicts. The authors also test whether the presence of young children at home shapes parents' use of different strategies. They address these focal questions using panel data from the Canadian Work, Stress, and Health study (N = 306 fathers, 474 mothers). The authors find that mothers with young children are more likely to scale back on work demands when compared with fathers with young children, but mothers and fathers with older children are equally likely to pursue these strategies. Furthermore, women with young children and men with older children are more likely to seek increased schedule control as a result of work–family conflict when compared with their parent counterparts. The authors situate these findings in the vast literature on the consequences of work–family conflict.     

Elite women in the Ukrainian Hetmanate

The history of the Ukrainian Hetmanate has been studied from the perspective of war, political struggle, and diplomacy. This article studies various aspects of women’s lives in Cossack society: their legal status, economic rights, role in society, relations with husbands and sons, the tradition of women’s presence at formal receptions, and their interference in political life. It is also about “women in politics,” “witches,” sex and premarital relations, kidnappings, and love affairs. The general argument is that the position of Ukrainian women was closer to that of women in Catholic Poland than in Muscovy.     

Educational Assortative Mating and Income Dynamics in Couples: A Longitudinal Dyadic Perspective

The question of how educational assortative mating may transform couples' lives and within‐family gender inequality has gained increasing attention. Using 25 waves (1979–2012) of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 and longitudinal multilevel dyad models, this study investigated how educational assortative mating shapes income dynamics in couples during the marital life course. Couples were grouped into three categories—educational hypergamy (wives less educated than their husbands), homogamy, and hypogamy (wives more educated than their husbands). Results show that change in husbands' income with marital duration is similar across couples, whereas change in wives' income varies by educational assortative mating, with wives in educational hypogamy exhibiting more positive change in income during the marital life course. The finding that husbands' long‐term economic advancement is less affected than that of wives by educational assortative mating underscores the gender‐asymmetric nature of spousal influence in heterosexual marriages.     

Motherhood Penalties and Living Arrangements in China

Past research on the “motherhood wage penalty” has been based on data from nuclear families, leaving open the possibility that the motherhood wage penalty may be lower or even absent in multigenerational families. In this article, the wage gap between mothers and nonmothers is examined in nuclear and multigenerational families in the context of contemporary China, which has a long tradition of patriarchal families. Using 1993 to 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey data, the magnitude and variation of motherhood penalty is explored with fixed effects models among 1,058 women. The results show that each additional child lowers hourly wages by about 12%. In addition, the motherhood penalty is largest for women living with their husbands' parents, smaller for women not living with parents, and nil for women living with their own parents.