论明代诗话的发展与专门化

明代诗话是在前代诗话的基础上发展起来的,它对明诗的发展及清代诗话的形成起过积极的作用.明代诗话是中国诗话的发展期,在中国诗话史上占有重要的地位.明代诗话的发展可分为初期、中期和后期三个阶段:初期诗话以讲诗法为主;中期诗话主要是宣扬复古主义;后期诗话已成为专门之学,其中心议题是彻底批判复古思潮,宣扬个性解放.明人在宋、元诗话的基础上,把宋诗话的综合之学发展成为专门之学;他们还发扬元诗话偏重诗法的优点,把它充实提高,使之成为系统的诗学理论,创造了具有鲜明特色的明诗话.明代诗话的时代特色主要表现在时代性、针对性、理论化、系统化及专门化五个方面.     

A theoretical basis for perturbation methods

In this paper we discuss a new theoretical basis for perturbation methods. In developing this new theoretical basis, we define the ideal measures of data utility and disclosure risk. Maximum data utility is achieved when the statistical characteristics of the perturbed data are the same as that of the original data. Disclosure risk is minimized if providing users with microdata access does not result in any additional information. We show that when the perturbed values of the confidential variables are generated as independent realizations from the distribution of the confidential variables conditioned on the non-confidential variables, they satisfy the data utility and disclosure risk requirements. We also discuss the relationship between the theoretical basis and some commonly used methods for generating perturbed values of confidential numerical variables.     

Local spatial data infrastructure, Trujillo-Peru

The development of a Municipal Information System, or currently better known as a local spatial data infrastructure, is considered complex due to the required inter-institutional relationships. In many developing countries Geographical Information Systems (GISs) are introduced but the benefits are modest as no changes take place in technical and organisational structure of organisations. Digital databases and computer-aided design (CAD) maps are mushrooming in great variety within different private and public institutions, municipal organisations and even within single departments and with structures similar to the paper period and thus operating on a stand-alone basis.Many national mapping agencies are not able to provide large-scale digital urban base maps, while the absence or low quality of cadastres makes those basic core data sets unavailable or inaccessible. The result is that duplication and incompatible data are frequently observed and also donor-driven stand-alone projects have a limited impact through the lack of institutional embedding and are not able to mature from the project to the institutional level. However, a positive sign is that there is an increasing awareness among data producers and consumers that investments in the development of digital data sets should be combined to reduce costs and increase benefits from especially GIS, and information and communication technology (ICT) in general.Within Trujillo a long-term vision was developed to make full use of ICT and GIS to modernise all operations of the Municipality to increase the efficiency and effectiveness of its tasks. However, large investments are not feasible due to the very limited municipal budgets. To guarantee the support of the municipal council, short-term results are required. This paper describes three ‘products’ as part of the vision to develop through a step-by-step approach a local spatial data infrastructure for Trujillo.The three, rather different, products are:

1. fiscal cadastre, to increase municipal revenues through property taxation;

2. an ‘environmental atlas’ based on a compatible spatial and attribute data sets from a variety of organisations; and

3. a municipal website with interactive GIS and meta data information.

The paper concludes with some comments on the institutional and political requirements for the successful development of a local spatial data infrastructure and stresses that such an infrastructure is not a product but an incremental development process that will progress only in case such a process is simple, cost effective, user-friendly, and flexible with clear products.Political interest and institutional stability and genuine interest for inter-institutional cooperation will add much to the success of this process.     

庄子哲学的历史渊源

庄子哲学思想产生于楚国独特的历史土壤。楚国历史悠久的天文学,为庄子的朴素唯物的天道观提供了科学基础;楚人是《易经》与阴阳家的鼻祖,其辩证的思维方式,为庄子哲学提供了“切玉刀”;楚国在长期而独特的历史道路中成长的民族精神,为庄子哲学提供了丰厚的精神营养。     

Multiple imputation of missing data with ante-dependence covariance structure

A controlled clinical trial was conducted to investigate the efficacy effect of a chemical compound in the treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD). The data from the trial showed a non-monotone pattern of missing data and an ante-dependence covariance structure. A new analytical method for imputing the missing data with the ante-dependence covariance is proposed. The PMDD data are analysed by the non-imputation method and two imputation methods: the proposed method and the MCMC method.     

现代性的困惑、焦虑与质疑 --三维视角中的中国现代文学史论

20世纪中国文学的非现代性特质,是一个不可忽视的历史事实。文学运动规律的混乱无序性以及文学独立品格的人为淡化,使其完全背离了它所刻意追求的西方现代文学模式。不同时期所宣扬的西方人文精神和价值观念体系,都明显流露出儒家入世哲学的浓重色彩。一部中国现代文学史,从某种意义上来说,就是中国文学传统的一种现代汉语包装形式,它无法根绝自己独特的历史遗传性,同时也难以融入西方现代文学的话语系统。所以,中国现代作家那苍凉而悲壮的启蒙呐喊,集中体现着他们对于“现代性”的困惑与焦虑。     

“以人为本”与唯物史观

“以人为本”在不同的语境下具有不同的内涵。“以人为本”就是用哲学的理念把握社会,是一种价值理念和思维方式,而唯物史观本身就是关于人类社会历史的动态结构(包括建构)及其变化发展(包括发展动力)规律的基本理论观点。这种观点正是从现实的活生生的人出发,以他们的存在、以他们的现实生活和生产活动为前提的。同时,以人为本和唯物史观的终极目的————人的全面发展等也是一致的。可以说,唯物史观实现了以人为本的理念。     

论方以智《东西均》哲学的历史定位

《东西均》是方以智晚期哲学的代表作,其基本特征表现为,以象数易学为核心,三教兼容,具有不可克服的矛盾二重性。《东西均》哲学有着卓越的理论贡献和严重的思想局限,它对有清一代及近现代学术和学风产生了广泛影响,在中国哲学史上占有重要地位。     

历史唯物主义视野下的货币——马克思的货币哲学思想简析

货币的经济功能已为人们熟知,但对其背后隐藏的社会功能,众说纷纭。马克思用唯物主义特有的历史的、内在批判的方法透视了货币的本质——特定社会历史中人的社会关系。主要从货币的历史形成、货币的资本形态和货币导致的拜物教现象三方面分析马克思的货币哲学思想,并探讨这一理论对理解唯物主义哲学的精髓以及对中国社会主义经济变革的非常意义。     

Asymptotic bias in the linear mixed effects model under non-ignorable missing data mechanisms

Summary.  In longitudinal studies, missingness of data is often an unavoidable problem. Estimators from the linear mixed effects model assume that missing data are missing at random. However, estimators are biased when this assumption is not met. In the paper, theoretical results for the asymptotic bias are established under non-ignorable drop-out, drop-in and other missing data patterns. The asymptotic bias is large when the drop-out subjects have only one or no observation, especially for slope-related parameters of the linear mixed effects model. In the drop-in case, intercept-related parameter estimators show substantial asymptotic bias when subjects enter late in the study. Eight other missing data patterns are considered and these produce asymptotic biases of a variety of magnitudes.