西部民族地区生态文明建设问题探析

Ecological civilization is a mode of civilization which is constructed on the concept of multiple-wins, such as economic benefit, social benefit and environmental benefit, etc. It requires that a harmonious relationship between man and nature permeate various aspects of civilization, such as material civilization, spiritual civilization, and political civilization, forming an ecological mode for production, living, consumption, and other behaviors. The theories and practices of eco￣logical civilization both at home and abroad, as well as the strategic planning for the construction of ecological civilization in China, have constituted important theoretical and practical guidelines for the construction of ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas of China.
Constructing ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has important theoretical and practical significance. Compared with the eastern part of China or the whole country, the level of e￣conomic and social development in the western eth￣nic areas still lags behind; energy consumption is generally high , and the number of national key ecologically functional areas is large. Furthermore, these areas face a daunting task for their environ￣mental protection and energy saving. In addition, the most concentrated areas of desertification in China are found in the western ethnic areas, espe￣cially Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet and Qing￣hai. Therefore, the construction of ecological civi￣lization in the western ethnic areas has an impor￣tant role for the sustainable development of the e￣conomy and society, ecological security, energy saving and emission reduction, and the prevention of land desertification.
Generally speaking, the western ethnic areas actively participate in the national demonstration areas of the construction of ecological civilization, and constantly improve the level of ecological civi￣lization construction. However, their overall level is low, and the differences between various prov￣inces are considerable. Although the western eth￣nic areas have rich forest resources, tourism re￣sources, etc. for the construction of ecological civ￣ilization, they still face many problems in the use of their ecological resources and the construction of ecological civilization.
As noted above, the western ethnic areas ac￣tively take part in the construction of the key na￣tional ecological civilization demonstration areas. At present, among the 55 ecological civilization demonstration areas of China, 22 are in the west￣ern ethnic areas. These demonstration areas are actively exploring the construction of ecological civilization by taking the property rights of natural resources, ecological compensation and cadres as￣sessment, etc. into consideration.
As just noted, although the level of the con￣struction of an ecological civilization in western ethnic areas has been improving, the overall level is still low. The overall level of ecological civiliza￣tion in western ethnic areas lags significantly be￣hind the nation or eastern regions. In addition, the levels of every province are quite different. For in￣stance, the level of Guangxi and Yunnan is rela￣tively high. Therefore, the construction of ecologi￣cal civilization must be adapted to the local condi￣tions of the provinces.
There are a large number of key forestry en￣terprises in the western ethnic areas, but the struc￣ture of the forestry industry is not equitable. For￣estry is an important force, and provides important content for the construction of ecological civiliza￣tion. On the one hand, there are a large number of key national forestry enterprises in the western eth￣nic areas, but their distribution is not balanced. At present, there are 295 key national forestry en￣terprises , among which 48 are found in the western ethnic areas and are included in the list. Among them, the advantage held by Guangxi and Yunnan’s forest resources are obvious, while those in Tibet, Ningxia and Qinghai are not so obvious. On the other hand, the forestry resources in the western ethnic areas are unevenly distributed, and the structure of the forestry industry is not equita￣ble;the proportion of the primary industry of for￣estry is too high, and the proportion of the second￣ary industry is relatively low. This means that the economic benefits of forestry resources are not fully transformed, something which has seriously affect￣ed the promotion of ecological civilization.
Tourism resources in the western ethnic areas are rich, but the contradiction between tourism de￣velopment and environmental protection is sharp. The tourism industry can effectively improve the level of ecological civilization construction. With rich tourism resources in the western ethnic areas, the tourism industry has become one of the impor￣tant regional pillar industries, especially in Guizhou, Yunnan and Guangxi. However, the conditions of tourism infrastructure and the tourism environment are still relatively backward in western ethnic areas. This is seen especially in the tourist foreign exchange income ratio which is not high. In addition, theunique tourism resources have not strongly attracted more overseas visitors; and, as just said, there are contradictions between regional tourism development and ecological environment protection, which are still very sharp.
The construction of an ecological civilization is a complicated social system project. The con￣struction of an ecological civilization in the western ethnic areas has just started, so we need to in￣tegrate the idea of ecological civilization throughout political, economic, cultural, and social construc￣tion. Furthermore, we need to promote the process of ecological civilization construction according to the local conditions by taking the central authorities’ construction plan of ecological civiliza￣tion as guidance; consider the economic develop￣ment level of each province; and the characteris￣tics of ecological protection and resource environ￣ment in ethnic areas.
First of all, we should change the concept of government at all levels and the entire society in western ethnic areas, and improve the system of ecological civilization construction. For this pur￣pose, we must:( i) strengthen the top-level de￣sign of the ecological civilization system; ( ii) im￣prove relevant systems, such as the development of the national land space; and ( iii ) improve envi￣ronmental protection and ecological compensation in the western ethnic areas and the whole country. Furthermore, through making use of both formal systems, such as political, economic and legal ones, and informal systems, such as ecological culture, we should jointly safeguard and promote the construction of ecological civilization. On the one hand, we must establish and improve various policies related to finance, tax, population and land to improve the level of ecological political civ￣ilization in the western ethnic areas from the level of central government to local administrations. On the other hand, the central government and local administrations in the western ethnic areas must enhance the awareness of the construction of eco￣logical civilization through various ways, including school education and the internet.
Secondly, we should vigorously develop the advantages of the ecological industry in western ethnic areas, such as ecological tourism, ecologi￣cal agriculture and other ecological industries. The construction of ecological civilization should strive to find a balance between ecological environment and stable economic growth. Therefore, according to the characteristics of their ecological environ￣ment, resources, climate and the capacity of the ecological carrying capacity, we should choose ec￣ological industries suitable for regional develop￣ment, such as ecological agriculture, ecological tourism;change the original model of industrial de￣velopment to an ecological mode of production, and improve the level of ecological civilization while protecting the environment.
Thirdly, we should speed up the development of secondary and tertiary industries of forestry in the western ethnic areas, and further optimize the structure of the forestry industry. For this purpose we must further increase forestry investment and construction;and improve the total output value of forestry through afforestation, returning farmland to forest, and coordinating the relationship between the economic forest and ecological forest. Moreo￣ver, we should actively participate in China’s forest food certification and forest certification program;improve the proportion of secondary and tertiary forestry industires; take the initiative to transform the advantage of forestry resources into economic advantages;and improve the level of civilization of the ecological environment.
Finally, it is necessary for the western ethnic areas to continue the practice of constructing an ec￣ological civilization. Though adjustment to local conditions, and actively exploring the practice of ecological civilization construction, we should gradually accumulate experience in the construc￣tion of ecological civilization for the western ethnic areas, and even the whole country. In particular, in Guizhou, Yunnan and Qinghai, we must active￣ly promote the process of regional ecological civili￣zation construction based on the scheme of their own ecological civilization demonstration area pro￣grams. In addition, the western ethnic areas should fully play an important role in informal in￣stitutions, such as national ecological culture.     

我国节能减排政策的措施与目标协同有效吗?——基于1052条节能减排政策的研究

基于我国1997年至2013年间颁布的1 052条节能减排政策,利用从政策力度、政策措施和政策目标三个维度对我国节能减排政策进行量化的数据,构建了针对不同措施与目标协同的计量模型.论文研究了政策措施与目标协同对节能减排效果的影响,并分析了节能减排政策措施与目标的协同状况及我国政府对其使用状况.研究发现,我国各节能减排政策中分别以行政措施和引导措施为基础的措施与目标协同对节能减排效果的影响存在显著的方向性差异,且不同措施与目标协同方式的使用程度差异明显并有待进一步完善.本文厘清了不同政策措施与目标的协同效果,为我国政府节能减排政策协同机制的建立和有效实施提供了理论依据.     

机构投资者对其持股公司绩效的影响研究——基于机构投资者自我保护的视角

从机构投资者自我保护的视角出发, 通过构建公司内部人和机构投资者的博弈模型, 揭示了机构投资者对其持股公司绩效影响的微观机制.在此基础上, 实证研究我国沪深A股市场2004年-2012年公司样本.结果表明:机构对其持股公司绩效的改善作用在2004年-2007年和2008年-2012年两个阶段存在结构性变动;从整体来看, 在上述两个阶段, 机构投资者对其持股公司绩效有显著改善作用, 但第二阶段的改善作用明显减弱;基金有助于改善其持股公司绩效, 而其它机构投资者缺乏这种改善作用.机构在第二阶段改善作用减弱的主要原因是,在样本期间, 基金持股规模占比迅速衰减, 其它机构投资者持股规模占比大幅提高抑制了整个机构对其持股公司绩效的改善作用.     

人的全面发展与人口发展的制度创新

人的全面发展思想与人口发展理论具有紧密的逻辑关系,人口发展的制度创新是对人的全面发展思想的理论回应。人口发展制度创新突出体现在人口发展的机制创新,包括人口宏观调控体系创新、市场化取向创新和政府职能转换创新。     

中国能源消耗和环境污染与经济发展的灰色关联分析

利用灰色关联分析分别对能源消耗和环境污染治理投资对经济发展的影响以及能源消耗对环境污染治理投资的影响进行了分析.结果表明水电的消耗和环境污染治理投资对经济发展影响较大,而水电的消耗又对环境污染治理投资的影响比较大,这与中国目前的状况相符合.     

新能源汽车上市公司投资效率评价研究——基于DEA和Malmquist指数模型

以新能源汽车上市公司为研究对象,运用DEA模型和Malmquist指数法,从静态和动态双视角分析和评价新能源汽车行业的投资效率。静态结果表明：2017—2021年,我国新能源汽车上市公司的投资效率整体水平较高但呈现下降趋势,综合效率值接近于1,其主要源于纯技术效率的贡献。动态结果表明：样本公司的全要素生产率小于1,其主要原因为技术效率指数较低。据此,新能源汽车公司应增强研发能力、注重人才培养、强化成本管控、加强市场营销和品牌建设,以提升投资效率。     

Personal meaning in the public sphere: The standardisation and rationalisation of biodiversity data in the UK and the Netherlands

The demand for biodiversity data is increasing. Governments require standardised, objective data to underpin planning and conservation decisions. These data are produced by large numbers of (volunteer) natural historians and non-governmental organisations. This article analyses the interface between the state and the volunteer naturalists to understand the emerging patterns of information flow between them. Our results are based on research in the UK and the Netherlands. These two countries have a long history in volunteer biodiversity recording and are facing similar issues in relation to the increasing demand for standardised data. Our findings demonstrate that citizens who become involved in recording do so because they value nature and biodiversity. Recording is for them a way to enact their relationship with nature and contribute to its protection. Our findings also show that they are concerned about the increasing rationalisation in the process of data flow and about the way in which the government treats them and ‘their’ data. Our paper concludes by discussing this tension and the challenges and opportunities for biodiversity recording.     

俄罗斯的区域能源外交战略

能源外交,无论对于俄罗斯国内的经济发展和政治稳定,还是对于其外在的战略利益和国际地位都至关重要,对于未来国际能源格局的发展更有着决定性的影响。＂八国集团＂成员国和＂世界第二大产油国＂的双重身份,地跨亚欧大陆的特殊地缘政治条件,使俄罗斯的能源外交本身更具多向性和多变性。当今国际形势的特征和俄罗斯自身的实力状况决定了后苏联空间、欧盟和东北亚地区是目前俄罗斯能源外交的主攻方向。因此,研究俄罗斯在上述三个地区能源外交战略征,对于探析俄罗斯能源外交的内在规律具有重要意义。     

我国服务经济发展的总体特征与制度障碍

目前,我国经济发展中已经出现一些与服务经济发展特征一致的发展趋势,东部地区和一些大型经济中心城市出现了加快向服务经济转型的势头,为我国服务经济的形成奠定了重要的基础。但我国经济社会发展距离服务经济形成还有一定差距。影响我国服务经济发展的主要制度障碍和问题是：服务领域多元化市场主体发育和企业制度建设滞后;要素和服务市场发展改革滞后,市场机制作用不强;监管体制和方式亟待改革创新;政府职能转变滞后;法治环境亟待完善;服务标准体系缺失或落后;促进服务业发展的机制和政策方式亟待改革创新等。     

我国服务经济发展制度环境存在的问题与改革方向

近年来,我国在服务经济制度建设方面取得了长足的进步,税收、信用、监管、市场准入、法律法规、统计等各项制度都在不断完善,社会主义市场经济体制初步建立,流转税和所得税制度不断优化,企业所得税逐渐并轨;结构完整的征信体系基本形成;监管体制日趋合理;不同资本进入产业领域的准入限制逐渐降低;以宪法为核心的中国特色社会主义法律体系基本形成。但是制度环境仍然是制约服务经济发展的主要问题,尤其在市场经济制度、基本管理制度等方面问题不少。我国服务经济制度改革的总体方向在于,坚持市场导向,深化体制改革,继续扩大开放,突出发展重点,创新发展方式。