中国区域文化简论

中国的区域文化由于长期大一统的社会格局使其具有自然与人为综合构成的独特性：既有以空间地域而定的“东西”“南北”和以文化品位而定的“华夷”“中外”一级地域文化的定义和划分；又有由中原区系、南方区系、北方区系、青藏区系四大文化拼块构成的次一级文化区系。在中国区域文化的形成过程中，又经历了只有考古和文献意义的、有较强自然属性和较少人为因素的萌芽阶段；以封国独立为主要形式的区域文化成型的方国时代和以地方行政区划为类征的区域文化发展的史志阶段．而其“核心－边缘”结构的游移、变化则最终形成了我国区域文化的全面缀连。     

农地制度变迁的机理与合约分析：生产队制和家庭联产承包责任制

家庭联产承包责任制在农业生产上的高能激励自农地制度变革以来一直被学界所推崇,但这并不意味着生产队制的低效率。为此,在否定以生产队制低效率作为农地制度变迁的解释的基础上,从发展战略转换、制度安排缺陷、农民信念及其他方面尝试性地探讨了推动生产队制向家庭联产承包责任制变迁的内在原因,并且从生产责任制形式、土地分配方式、期限结构等方面详细阐述了家庭联产承包责任制向农业产出最大化演化的过程。相应地,伴随着农地制度变迁而来的是签约主体以及合约结构的变动,因此,从合约的角度进一步研究了生产队制与家庭联产承包责任制在合约实施和劳动监督与计量上的差别,以及作为二者共同之处的合约模糊性特征,并在此基础上对家庭联产承包责任制下税费合约的性质与形式进行了具体的分析。     

制度变迁的经济原因与困难 ———使鹿鄂温克族裔文明兴衰的启示

一种文化的衰落背后,往往隐藏着现实的经济力量。使鹿鄂温克族传统文化的衰落,并不主要是因为生态移民政策的失误,也并不是由于对民族文化的保护不足所致,而是因为社会经济条件的变化,使得传统生产方式和相应的制度不再能适应人们的生存需求,而不得不被放弃。资源的日益稀缺,竞争的日益激烈,使人们必须寻找更有效的产权规则。但规则的改变,可能使得原来的强者成为弱者,成为变革的牺牲者或反对者。如何对不同主体的利益给予合理照顾和协调,是制度变革成功的关键。     

代际交换:隔代抚养的实质与挑战

隔代抚养是当下普遍存在于我国城乡家庭中祖辈参与或独立抚养孙辈的一种照护形式。根据祖辈投入到抚养孙辈的责任大小、时间长短及角色定位的不同可以将其划分为“部分转让,较完善替代”“部分转让,局部替代”“全部转让,局部替代”以及“全部转让,较完善替代”四种类型。隔代抚养虽然存在诸多问题,但具有现实的合理性和必然性,是理性互惠与利他主义原则的有机结合,包含了物质服务及心理在内的代际传承与代际交换。这种抚养方式促进了家庭人口的流动,增强了家庭代际互动,同时增加了家庭成员的角色冲突与代际矛盾,形塑出新型代际关系。为此,要抛弃隔代抚养剥削论或义务论而强化代际依存和互惠共赢观念,发挥政府在隔代抚养中的政策引导作用,积极整合力量开展广泛的社区照顾服务,增进祖辈老人的社会适应与社会融入问题。     

第一次石油危机后国际能源政治的情境变迁

国际政治的参与情境决定行动者的博弈行为类型,参与情境变迁将导致行动者行为发生变化。能源安全是国家对外政策的核心议题之一。1973年爆发的第一次石油危机,凸显了能源安全问题的重要性,改变了二战后国际能源政治的参与情境,构建了行动者新的博弈类型,调整了国际能源政治行动者的博弈策略。为了有效应对国际能源政治的情境变迁,美国通过协调与其他国家的能源关系,设置能源安全国际议程,最终确定了新的国际能源秩序。当前,我国在积极参与国际能源合作的过程中,第一次石油危机后国际能源政治的情境变迁以及国际社会的应对策略具有十分重要的启示意义。     

The Prosecution's Use of Social Science Expert Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Cases

Six different categories of social science expert testimony presented by the prosecution regarding behaviors of child sexual abuse victims are described and analyzed in relation to national case law trends. Problems with the admissibility of several forms of such testimony are discussed in terms of legal requirements for expert testimony, prior knowledge of the issues held by jurors, reliability of the social science research regarding child sexual abuse, and the prejudicial impact on jurors. Finally, recommendations are made to limit the use of most forms of testimony (except rehabilitative testimony), conduct further research on certain issues, and convene a multi-disciplinary symposium and publish, in a reputable journal, papers from the symposium that analyze the issues, explore areas of consensus, and suggest future directions in this area.     

人口变动的生态经济效应分析

人口数量的增长、人口生活质量的提高、人口增长分布的不均都有可能导致生态环境的恶化。按照现行的衡量标准,生活质量的提高在某种程度上对生态环境的影响更大。控制住人口不仅能提高我们的生活质量,而且能为我们提供一个适宜的生存环境。生活质量的提高不仅仅体现在GDP的增加上,更应体现在生态环境的优化上。     

The need for knowledge modification in technology change: a framework to consider changes in domain complexity,knowledge and productivity

This paper researches productivity in relation to domain complexity and the present knowledge capacity in an organisational context. The study is based on five very different case studies. Three studies are conducted in Denmark, Germany, Mexico and China and are related to knowledge transfer in the relocation of manufacturing facilities. Two studies investigate operation and automation of oil and gas production in the North Sea. The case study method involves semi-structured interviews, surveys, an analysis of historical production data and observations. Based on the findings from the field studies, the paper develops a conceptual framework that management can use for discussions of productivity, development of knowledge and design of learning programmes when considering changes in the complexity of a domain or a change in knowledge.     

Motherhood Penalties and Living Arrangements in China

Past research on the “motherhood wage penalty” has been based on data from nuclear families, leaving open the possibility that the motherhood wage penalty may be lower or even absent in multigenerational families. In this article, the wage gap between mothers and nonmothers is examined in nuclear and multigenerational families in the context of contemporary China, which has a long tradition of patriarchal families. Using 1993 to 2006 China Health and Nutrition Survey data, the magnitude and variation of motherhood penalty is explored with fixed effects models among 1,058 women. The results show that each additional child lowers hourly wages by about 12%. In addition, the motherhood penalty is largest for women living with their husbands' parents, smaller for women not living with parents, and nil for women living with their own parents.     

Examining the Nursing Home Physical Environment Through Policy-Driven Culture Change

A critical need exists to challenge approaches to nursing home care due to rigid organizational factors and hospital-like culture. It has been argued that resident care needs to move toward a person-centered approach by addressing the organizational, social, and physical environments in nursing home facilities, a process often known as culture change. In response to this need, the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) has created funding for pay for performance (P4P) nursing home incentive programs to allow nursing home providers to receive CMS reimbursements for culture change in the facilities. Through care staff interviews, site observations, and a document review, this qualitative study assesses the impact of a Midwestern state P4P incentive program in three participating nursing homes. Using an environment and behavior (E-B) policy orientation framework, this study examines culture change through a focus on policy, the physical environment, place attachment, and social and psychological processes in the study settings.