Tolerable or Acceptable: A Comparison of Risk Regulation in the United Kingdom and in the Netherlands

In managing major accident hazards in industry risk, both the United Kingdom and the Netherlands use quantitative risk analysis and quantified risk criteria. These should be understood in the historical, legal, and political context in which they were drawn up. Even when criteria are numerically the same they do not necessarily mean the same thing. The legal and historical context differs widely between the two countries. Nevertheless, it is surprising that the final results in terms of land use and levels of risk are very similar.     

Priority Setting for the Distribution of Localized Hazard Protection

We address the problem of distributing safety-enhancing devices across a region, where each identical device provides for only local protection of the population. The devices protect nonidentical sectors of the population. The sectors of population are exposed to nonidentical intensities of hazard. A method for the screening and prioritizing of needs for the protective devices is described. An approach of risk-benefit-cost analysis under uncertainty is recommended as follows. Measures of hazard intensity and population exposure are identified. Exogenous parameters that influence assessments of risks, benefits, and costs are identified. Uncertainties of the exogenous parameters are propagated by interval analysis. Several tiers of the plausibility of need for protection are identified. The tiers are useful in setting priorities for the distribution of the safety devices. The method is demonstrated in an engineering application to roadway lighting, but has implications for disaster preparedness, anti-terrorism, transportation safety, and other arenas of public safety.     

关于人生观教育的重新思考

本文从社会存在和社会意识的角度,讨论了人生观形成、发展的规律和特点,思考了人生观教育的现状,以期有利于我们加强新形势下的科学人生观教育。     

Industry and the environment: a case study of cleaner technologies in selected European countries

The aim of this case study is to discuss the role of technology in addressing environmental problems. The paper tries to scratch beneath the surface of the increasingly frequent ‘quick-fix’ solutions to the present environmental problems, based on such beguiling catchwords as Cleaner Technologies, Best Available Technologies, and Best Available Technologies Not Exceeding Excessive Costs, etc., in an attempt to discover whether there is any substance in them, or whether they are just full of hot air. Recent data from case studies performed by the author in Germany and Finland as well as a postal questionnaire in Denmark are presented. The paper analyses and discusses the roles and responsibilities of designers, industrialists, and government policy-makers. It is argued that existing regulatory regimes, supranational industrial structures, and market mechanisms do not favour the development of cleaner technologies, nor do they promote a reduction in consumption patterns. Evidence from ongoing empirical research in Northwest Europe suggests that industry is far from developing and/or implementing cleaner technologies. The paper closes with a discussion of some of the policy implications involved and some examples of urgently needed further research.     

中国西部风景河流的保护政策探析

通过分析我国西部流域开发中的不同争论,强调河流的审美功能也同样值得关注。在对美国《自然与风景河流法案》进行分析的基础上,认为有必要进一步促进公众的参与,通过加强流域总体规划,构建具有中国特色的风景河流保护体系,并形成统一的中国国家公园管理体系,这将有力促进西部可持续发展。     

美国、欧盟计算机软件相关发明的专利保护比较研究

分别从计算机软件相关发明专利保护的立法、判例法的发展和演变、专利申请审查实践准则等方面出发,对美国和欧盟计算机软件相关发明的专利保护进行了对比分析,总结出两者现行司法和审查实践中的一致和分歧,以及各自的优劣,从而获得对中国的启示。     

论人身自由权的暂时性法律保护——以行政强制措施检察监督为视角

人身自由权是人的最基本的、最起码的权利,公民人身自由权的保护通过宪法确认,由具体的法律制度落实。我国法律制度中缺乏对行政权剥夺人身自由权的权力制约,从而使得人身自由权遭到严重侵害。暂时性法律保护的权力制约性、暂时性、及时性（中止性）和救济中的救济能够实现人身自由权的保护。人身自由权遭受严重损害的现实和现有的监督机制不足以保障公民人身自由权,使得人身自由暂时性法律保护成为必然。十八届四中全会的政策要求、国外的成功经验、民法上的人身安全保护令的实践经验以及刑罚执行上的“刀下留人”的经验使得人身自由暂时性法律保护成为可能。暂时性人身自由的法律保护制度适用于行政行为。借鉴西方人身保护状制度、建立限制人身自由行为的事前报告审查和行政相对人请求保护制度,能够实现人身自由的暂时性法律保护。     

行政强制措施检察监督研究

对行政强制措施实行检察监督是十八届四中全会赋予检察机关的改革任务。在全面依法治国和监察体制改革背景下,检察机关履行行政强制措施检察监督职能既有必要性,也有可行性。在下一步检察改革过程中,应当坚持有限监督、适时监督、行政先行救济原则,探索采用检察建议、支持起诉、督促纠正违法、提请责任追究等方式对违法行政强制措施进行监督。     

新媒体背景下公众参与生态文明建设的路径

党的十八、十九大均指出,生态文明建设功在当代、利在千秋。十九大进一步明确提出要构建“政府主导、社会协同、公众参与、法治保障”的生态文明建设新局面。《环境保护公众参与办法》的出台为公众参与环境保护提供了强有力的制度保障,但公众的参与程度与许多因素有关。在积极发动和鼓励公众参与生态文明建设的过程中,政府可发挥新媒体协商平台的作用,提高新媒体的回应能力,为公众参与生态文明建设提供保障;公众应借助新媒体互动平台的功能,进一步提升生态意识,践行生态行为,自觉维护生态环境;环保组织要发挥新媒体的聚焦作用,推动环保组织的成长壮大。     

中小学教师依法治教的困境与对策

中小学教师是依法治教的实践者、宣讲者、推动者,是推动依法治教的关键因素之一。但是,在中小学教师依法治教的过程中,还存在着中小学教师法治素养良莠不齐,教育立法滞后、执法不严、司法不公以及中小学教师职前、职后法治教育缺失等现象。全面推进依法治国,实现教育治理体系和治理能力现代化,必须深刻把握和充分发挥中小学教师在依法治教中的价值和作用,增强其依法治教的自觉性;必须深刻分析中小学教师在依法治教中面临的各种困境与原因,采取针对性措施,做到有的放矢,综合施策。