试论语言符号是从任意到象似的连续统一体

语言符号的任意性问题,一直都是语言学界争论的焦点,尤其自索绪尔提出语言符号的任意性原则以来,国内外的一些语言学家先后对此提出了或支持或反对的意见。在综合了各方面的观点,并对语言符号的特性进行重新界定之后,认为语言符号既存在任意性,又具有象似性。从辩证角度分析,语言符号不过是从任意到象似的连续统一体。     

论《国语·晋语》的语言艺术

《晋语》为《国语》的重要组成部分,和《尚书》一样,《晋语》以记言为主,同时叙述历史、传记人物。在史传文学中,其语言独具特色：含蓄而流畅,生动而严谨,优美而准确,灵活而工整,呈现出许多新特点和新技巧。《晋语》运用语言的艺术成就,为后世史传文学的语言提供借鉴,并奠定了良好的基础。     

论林徽因作品的语言风格

典雅、精致、理智、冷静、委婉、清丽是林徽因作品最鲜明的语言风格     

英语霸权时代民族语言多样性的保护

由于21世纪经济、技术全球化的推进,英语在全球范围传播和普及。英语的传播与霸权与和全球范围语言濒危现象有密切的关系,是世界语言濒危问题的根本原因。英语的全球化给世界语言多样性的生态样式带来了极大的破坏。因此,应及时采取措施对策,反对英语的霸权,保护世界语言多样性。     

Implementing Monte Carlo tests with p-value buckets

Software packages usually report the results of statistical tests using p-values. Users often interpret these values by comparing them with standard thresholds, for example, 0.1, 1, and 5%, which is sometimes reinforced by a star rating (***, **, and *, respectively). We consider an arbitrary statistical test whose p-value p is not available explicitly, but can be approximated by Monte Carlo samples, for example, by bootstrap or permutation tests. The standard implementation of such tests usually draws a fixed number of samples to approximate p. However, the probability that the exact and the approximated p-value lie on different sides of a threshold (the resampling risk) can be high, particularly for p-values close to a threshold. We present a method to overcome this. We consider a finite set of user-specified intervals that cover [0, 1] and that can be overlapping. We call these p-value buckets. We present algorithms that, with arbitrarily high probability, return a p-value bucket containing p. We prove that for both a bounded resampling risk and a finite runtime, overlapping buckets need to be employed, and that our methods both bound the resampling risk and guarantee a finite runtime for such overlapping buckets. To interpret decisions with overlapping buckets, we propose an extension of the star rating system. We demonstrate that our methods are suitable for use in standard software, including for low p-value thresholds occurring in multiple testing settings, and that they can be computationally more efficient than standard implementations.     

后现代语境下的言意关系--基于语言哲学的视角

语言能够表达人的思维、情感、意志,但是语言往往又不能准确传达人的所思所想和内心体验。在以语言游戏为主要方式的后现代语境下,语言由工具转变为主体,语言本身即是意义,或是消解了意义。然而语言游戏消解的只是一般的、严肃的意义,却转向了特殊的、鄙俗的意义。语言游戏虽然致力于语言技巧的探索,但“言不尽意”的矛盾仍未能得到根本解决。     

A Rejection Principle for Sequential Tests of Multiple Hypotheses Controlling Familywise Error Rates

We present a unifying approach to multiple testing procedures for sequential (or streaming) data by giving sufficient conditions for a sequential multiple testing procedure to control the familywise error rate (FWER). Together, we call these conditions a ‘rejection principle for sequential tests’, which we then apply to some existing sequential multiple testing procedures to give simplified understanding of their FWER control. Next, the principle is applied to derive two new sequential multiple testing procedures with provable FWER control, one for testing hypotheses in order and another for closed testing. Examples of these new procedures are given by applying them to a chromosome aberration data set and finding the maximum safe dose of a treatment.     

An F-type test for detecting departure from monotonicity in a functional linear model

When studying associations between a functional covariate and scalar response using a functional linear model (FLM), scientific knowledge may indicate possible monotonicity of the unknown parameter curve. In this context, we propose an F-type test of monotonicity, based on a full versus reduced nested model structure, where the reduced model with monotonically constrained parameter curve is nested within an unconstrained FLM. For estimation under the unconstrained FLM, we consider two approaches: penalised least-squares and linear mixed model effects estimation. We use a smooth then monotonise approach to estimate the reduced model, within the null space of monotone parameter curves. A bootstrap procedure is used to simulate the null distribution of the test statistic. We present a simulation study of the power of the proposed test, and illustrate the test using data from a head and neck cancer study.     

地理空间视域下斯达尔夫人与刘师培南北文学论比较研究

尽管斯达尔夫人和刘师培分处东西方历史发展的不同时期,但是斯达尔夫人的欧洲南北文学论与刘师培的中国古代南北文学不同论具有重要的比较诗学研究价值。斯达尔夫人的欧洲南北文学论和刘师培的中国古代南北文学不同论基于各自不同的理论背景和历史背景都引入了地理空间视域,其比较诗学研究的理论内涵主要包括三个方面：一是地理空间视域引入的不同理论背景、历史背景、理论内涵;二是地理空间视域下语言维度研究进路的异同;三是吊诡的倒转性：北方浪漫主义、南方古典主义与北方古典现实主义精神、南方浪漫主义精神。     

论动因竞争对语序自由度的影响——以Hawkins长度顺序和可移动原则为例

流行于语言学教科书中的一个观点是:语序的自由度跟形态丰富程度成正比。这种观点有很大的局限。引入类型学“动因竞争”这个概念来讨论Hawkins提出的影响名词短语修饰语语序的“可移动原则”和“长度顺序原则”,可以得出结论:语序动因的运用程度是影响语序自由度的重要因素,只是该因素长期被忽视了,而“语序动因运用规律”则可说明此问题。