An R package for testing goodness of fit: goft

This R package implements three types of goodness-of-fit tests for some widely used probability distributions where there are unknown parameters, namely tests based on data transformations, on the ratio of two estimators of a dispersion parameter, and correlation tests. Most of the considered tests have been proved to be powerful against a wide range of alternatives and some new ones are proposed here. The package's functionality is illustrated with several examples by using some data sets from the areas of environmental studies, biology and finance, among others.     

Statistical hypothesis testing for the shape of impulse response function

The problem of estimation of unknown response function of a time-invariant continuous linear system is considered. Integral sample input–output cross-correlogram is taken as an estimator of the response function. The inputs are supposed to be zero-mean stationary Gaussian process. A criterion on the shape of impulse response function is given. For this purpose, we apply a theory of square–Gaussian random processes and estimate the probability that supremum of square–Gaussian process exceeds the level specified by some function.     

South Tyrol: the importance of boundaries for immigrant integration

ABSTRACT

Using South Tyrol as a case study, this article analyses how boundaries between groups and their institutionalisation through power-sharing arrangements affect the politics of immigrant integration. Through a longitudinal qualitative analysis of party manifestos, the article focuses on the period between 1993 and 2013 to evaluate the immigration and integration discourses of political parties, claiming to represent the German and Ladin minorities. It is argued that these parties have deliberately framed immigration as a challenge to the strength of their respective cultures and languages, as well as the array of institutions that support the separate but equal coexistence of South Tyrol's linguistic groups. The consequence of this tendency to ‘think in groups’ is that the main political parties of the German and Ladin minorities are shoring up group boundaries and advancing an assimilationist model of immigrant integration.     

公共政策问题确认中政府行为研究的前在预设

公共政策问题确认是公共政策过程的逻辑起点。对作为重要政策主体的政府在这一环节中的作用和行为倾向进行研究是当下政策研究的一个热点。科学研究总离不开一定的理论前在预设,在现阶段,对公共政策问题确认中政府的行为进行研究应该建立在公共政策问题的稀缺性假设、代议制下委托人-代理人之间的信息不对称假设、政府的＂经济-道德人＂假设三个基本的前在预设的基础上。     

Goodness‐of‐Fit Test for Monotone Functions

Abstract. In this article, we develop a test for the null hypothesis that a real‐valued function belongs to a given parametric set against the non‐parametric alternative that it is monotone, say decreasing. The method is described in a general model that covers the monotone density model, the monotone regression and the right‐censoring model with monotone hazard rate. The criterion for testing is an ‐distance between a Grenander‐type non‐parametric estimator and a parametric estimator computed under the null hypothesis. A normalized version of this distance is shown to have an asymptotic normal distribution under the null, whence a test can be developed. Moreover, a bootstrap procedure is shown to be consistent to calibrate the test.     

布迪厄的语言实践理论与语言学研究

在批判、继承索绪尔和乔姆斯基语言学理论的基础上,布迪厄提出：语言是整体社会生活的一部分,在每日的社会互动中不断进行语言交换及表达。同时,他揭示了语言的转换可以表达其中的权力关系,从语音、语调到字词都反映了不同的社会的阶级地位,每个人在使用语言时都展现了不同程度的权力。     

再谈英语教学中的语言错误

语言错误在外语习得过程中是不可回避的。回顾二语习得领域中对错误的研究历程，剖析错误产生的根源；同时根据语言教学的方法和教学实践，结合二语习得方面的实证研究成果，提出英语教学中的纠镨原则——情感原则、效率原则、适时性原则和恰当性原则。     

语言研究三对概念的比较

通过分别对索绪尔、乔姆斯基和韩礼德语言和言语、能力和表现、语言潜势和语言行为三对概念的介绍和比较 ,认为索绪尔侧重研究“语言” ,但不忽视“言语”对“语言”研究的作用 ;乔姆斯基完全忽略“表现” ,只研究“能力” ;而韩礼德更多地关注人们的“语言行为” ,他的“语言潜势”包含了比“语言”和“能力”丰富得多的内容。通过比较研究 ,我们可以更清楚地认识语言是如何起作用的 ,以便更好地研究语言     

库区移民的语言态度和语言选择研究——以江西万安库区客家移民为例

万安县库区的客家移民在安置点被说赣方言的当地居民分隔成若干个方言孤岛。研究发现,移民掌握赣方言的语言技能与家庭收入呈正相关态势,移民对客家话的情感认同值高于赣方言,对客家话的地位评价与功能评价却低于赣方言,性别、年龄、文化程度、地域和经济状况等变量因子会影响移民的语言态度。语言障碍与搬迁返贫使移民出现言语焦虑,他们渴望掌握赣方言,在家庭域、社交域和经济域有不同的语言选择和语言使用,少数家庭出现语言转用现象。     

基于不确定语言变量的风险投资项目群体评价方法的研究

在风险投资运作过程中,对项目的风险评估是其关键环节.由于影响风险评估项目的因素具有不确定性,本文引入不确定语言变量的运算法则.先使用不确定语言加权平均算子对信息进行集结,针对属性权重完全未知的情形,给出一个求解权重的方法;再通过不确定语言加权平均(ULWA)算子,对不确定语言决策信息进行加权集成,利用已有的可能度矩阵排序公式得到决策方案的排序;最后给出实例分析,以说明该方法的有效性和可操作性.