冰下水体沉积物中有机物、细菌及其耗氧速率的研究

冰下水体沉积物中含有丰富的有机质（１１．５％）和细菌（１２．７×１０７个／克）。其耗氧速率比春、夏、秋三季池塘底泥的耗氧速率低得多。沉积物中有机物含量与细菌数量和耗氧速率之间呈正相关。     

道家(教)内外景与物自身--论牟宗三物自身哲学观点的是与不是

道教在哲学思想上基本采用道家思想,道家这一概念一定程度上涵盖道教这一概念.道家看事物有内外景之分,牟宗三关于"现象与物自身"的说法,只是就外景说话,缺少内景部分.道家内外景合二为一便可得到物自身的看法."缘"其实是现象,顺缘观万物不能得到究竟看法.     

“将笔锋探入社会的深层和人性的本质中去”——论王晓玉小说创作的主题意蕴

王晓玉在其丰厚生活积累的基础之上, 构成了她创作的独特追求, 也形成了她创作的主题意蕴。她以其对生活细致地观察、深入地思考, 强调创作的真实感和历史感, 她十分关注女性的命运, 努力写出她们对悲剧命运的不屈抗争, 在创作中力图将笔深入社会的深层和人性的本质中, 从而表达她对历史、社会、人生的道、情、理的思考, 这使她的小说在写真事、描真人、抒真情中, 现出其思想的深度和人生的感悟     

Distribution of Exposure Concentrations and Doses for Constituents of Environmental Tobacco Smoke

The ultimate goal of the research reported in this series of three articles is to derive distributions of doses of selected environmental tobacco smoke (ETS)-related chemicals for nonsmoking workers. This analysis uses data from the 16-City Study collected with personal monitors over the course of one workday in workplaces where smoking occurred. In this article, we describe distributions of ETS chemical concentrations and the characteristics of those distributions (e.g., whether the distribution was log normal for a given constituent) for the workplace exposure. Next, we present population parameters relevant for estimating dose distributions and the methods used for estimating those dose distributions. Finally, we derive distributions of doses of selected ETS-related constituents obtained in the workplace for people in smoking work environments. Estimating dose distributions provided information beyond the usual point estimate of dose and showed that the preponderance of individuals exposed to ETS in the workplace were exposed at the low end of the dose distribution curve. The results of this analysis include estimations of hourly maxima and time-weighted average (TWA) doses of nicotine from workplace exposures to ETS (extrapolated from 1 day to 1 week) and doses derived from modeled lung burdens of ultraviolet-absorbing particulate matter (UVPM) and solanesol resulting from workplace exposures to ETS (extrapolated from 1 day to 1 year).     

论《了不起的盖茨比》的"奇特化"艺术

菲茨杰拉德在其代表作《了不起的盖茨比》中对“奇特化”艺术手法的运用极为出色,主要表现为题材的奇特化、奇特化的场景和奇特化的叙述视角等几种形态,从而把一个平淡无奇的三角恋爱故事题材雕刻成了一部充满了被扭曲的浪漫情调的悲剧性作品。     

Increased risk of emergency department presentations for bronchiolitis in infants exposed to air pollution

Air pollution has been linked to an increased risk of several respiratory diseases in children, especially respiratory tract infections. The present study aims to evaluate the association between pediatric emergency department (PED) presentations for bronchiolitis and air pollution. PED presentations due to bronchiolitis in children aged less than 1 year were retrospectively collected from 2007 to 2018 in Padova, Italy, together with daily environmental data. A conditional logistic regression based on a time-stratified case-crossover design was performed to evaluate the association between PED presentations and exposure to NO₂, PM2.5, and PM10. Models were adjusted for temperature, relative humidity, atmospheric pressure, and public holidays. Delayed effects in time were evaluated using distributed lag non-linear models. Odds ratio for lagged exposure from 0 to 14 days were obtained. Overall, 2251 children presented to the PED for bronchiolitis. Infants’ exposure to higher concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 in the 5 days before the presentation to the PED increased the risk of accessing the PED by more than 10%, whereas high concentrations of NO₂ between 2 and 12 days before the PED presentation were associated with an increased risk of up to 30%. The association between pollutants and infants who required hospitalization was even greater. A cumulative effect of NO₂ among the 2 weeks preceding the presentation was also observed. In summary, PM and NO₂ concentrations are associated with PED presentations and hospitalizations for bronchiolitis. Exposure of infants to air pollution could damage the respiratory tract mucosa, facilitating viral infections and exacerbating symptoms.     

罗伯-格里耶物本主义辨析

罗伯-格里耶从未提出过以物为本的理论,也从未创作过以物为本的小说。"物本主义"是一种误读。这种误读之所以发生和流传,源于非此即彼的思维定势和弥漫于20世纪的文化广告意识。同时,罗伯-格里耶早期的写物理论也存在着把文学的客观真实性推到极端的误区。对于自己的失误,罗伯-格里耶早已察觉并作了修正。值得我们重视和肯定的不是他曾经有过并且已经修正了的失误,而是他从失误中采撷的成功之果。     

Uncertainty and Variability in Health-Related Damages from Coal-Fired Power Plants in the United States

The health‐related damages associated with emissions from coal‐fired power plants can vary greatly across facilities as a function of plant, site, and population characteristics, but the degree of variability and the contributing factors have not been formally evaluated. In this study, we modeled the monetized damages associated with 407 coal‐fired power plants in the United States, focusing on premature mortality from fine particulate matter (PM_2.5). We applied a reduced‐form chemistry‐transport model accounting for primary PM_2.5 emissions and the influence of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxide (NO_x) emissions on secondary particulate formation. Outputs were linked with a concentration‐response function for PM_2.5‐related mortality that incorporated nonlinearities and model uncertainty. We valued mortality with a value of statistical life approach, characterizing and propagating uncertainties in all model elements. At the median of the plant‐specific uncertainty distributions, damages across plants ranged from $30,000 to $500,000 per ton of PM_2.5, $6,000 to $50,000 per ton of SO₂, $500 to $15,000 per ton of NO_x, and $0.02 to $1.57 per kilowatt‐hour of electricity generated. Variability in damages per ton of emissions was almost entirely explained by population exposure per unit emissions (intake fraction), which itself was related to atmospheric conditions and the population size at various distances from the power plant. Variability in damages per kilowatt‐hour was highly correlated with SO₂ emissions, related to fuel and control technology characteristics, but was also correlated with atmospheric conditions and population size at various distances. Our findings emphasize that control strategies that consider variability in damages across facilities would yield more efficient outcomes.     

清末教案中地方官绅应对策略探析——以衢州教案为例

清末衢州教案是在当地民教矛盾日深的基础上因维新派官员吴德潚与当地士绅在对基督教会上的显著分歧所引发。衢州镇道府官员对士绅民众反教斗争的纵容、包庇甚至公开参与则使反教运动一度失控,酿成巨案。案发后作为地方大员的浙抚刘树棠、臬司荣栓与蕃司恽祖翼的应对策略各异,这种差异是清廷中央对教会政策摇摆不定在具体地方社会的缩影,亦透露出晚清时期中央政府对地方的控制力已然发生松动。地方官绅往往基于自身价值观的考量,在处理区域危机时呈现出一定程度的分化。     

信息的现实结构、本质和信息科学的哲学基础

客观现实的世界具有二重化的特征,因为它同时包含着物理现实和理想现实,并且,在这两种现实之间具有相互反映的性质。我们把这一现象称为信息。在最广泛意义上,信息是现实世界的客观属性,它是物质和能量在空间和时间中分布的差异性(不对称)的表现,这些表现存在于所有自然发生的生命界、无生命界,以及人类社会和意识活动的非平衡过程之中。信息贯穿于我们周围世界的有组织的物质和能量的各个层次,它是物质和能量运动的首要的原因,并决定着它们在空间和时间中运动的方向。信息是进化的决定性因素,它决定着自然和社会进化过程的发展方向。