Economic burden of tuberculosis and its coping mechanism at the household level in Pakistan

Despite the availability of free medicines under the Directly Observed Treatment Short-course (DOTS) strategy, the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) still involves high costs that push people into poverty. This study aims to assess the resulting economic burden of TB and examine the coping mechanisms practiced at the household level in Pakistan. A cross-sectional study was conducted at TB centers by interviewing 269 patients. Statistical tests and binary logistic regression were used to explore the relationship between catastrophic health expenditures (CHE) and socio-economic factors. Results show that the incidence and intensity of CHE were higher for households in the lower income-quintile. Several coping strategies were practiced and varied among the different income-quintiles. The independent determinants of CHE were as follows: age >40 years, male-patient, location, earner-ratio, patient as the earner, caretaker visits, treatment delay, and co-morbidity. It is recommended that health policymakers develop post-MDGs TB-control strategies to ensure free TB-services with financial protection around the globe.     

组织间信任:收益机制、情境限制及调节策略

在以往研究中，人们通常接受这样的假定：组织间信任必然会给组织与外部的交易带来正向收益。然而，组织间信任对交易收益也可能会产生组织不希望出现的负面影响。为此，我们重新审视了这一假说并发展了更为全面的理论框架来解释这一内部机制。首先，文章探讨组织间信任的内涵要素，进而分析组织间信任中计算性成分与非计算性成分的不同组合对交易收益的作用机制，从逻辑上推演出组织间信任与交易收益之间存在一种倒U型的关系；其次，提出两个重要的情境因素即信任的非对称性和环境的不确定性，讨论它们分别对上述倒U型关系的负向调节作用；再者，提出一组能够应对不同情境限制而同时仍然可增进或保持有益交易结果的调节策略；最后，讨论本研究的启示和未来研究可能的方向。     

Looking Inwards,Looking Outwards: Dismantling the “Berlin Wall” Between Health and Social Services?

This paper argues that at a time when policy guidance urged closer collaboration and joint working between health and social services, the long-established cultural and professional gaps were widening and deteriorating. Drawing on data from four research sites, the paper argues that the deterioration was rooted principally in practitioners' preoccupations with changes within their own organizations and daily work, resulting from a major period of change in both health and social services, which, ironically, was at the expense of the joint working which the "Caring for People" reforms required. As the policy environment changes again, under the Labour government, it is likely that health and social care practitioners will be working within further organizational turbulence and change. It will be crucial that those changes are managed in such a way that they avoid the very real danger of compounding the problems which our respondents identified.     

加强反腐败体制机制创新和制度保障的新思路

反对腐败,建设廉洁政治,关系党和国家的生死存亡。一年多来,党中央实施一系列反腐新举措,体现出新一届中央领导集体加强反腐败体制机制创新和制度保障的新思路：在党章制度框架下改革党的纪律检查体制,推动党的纪律检查工作双重领导体制具体化、程序化、制度化;明确党委和纪委在党风廉政建设中的责任定位,落实党风廉政建设责任制;修订和完善选人用人制度,把从严治吏、从严管理干部的要求具体化、细节化,解决选人用人方面的腐败问题;抓好组织管理和组织纪律的执行,严格遵守组织制度,为加强党风廉政建设和反腐败凝聚组织力量;运用法治思维和法治方式推进廉洁政治建设,健全反腐倡廉法规制度体系：健全和完善巡视制度等。     

Nonexclusive Competition in the Market for Lemons

A seller can trade an endowment of a perfectly divisible good, the quality of which she privately knows. Buyers compete by offering menus of nonexclusive contracts, so that the seller can privately trade with several buyers. In this setting, we show that an equilibrium exists under mild conditions and that aggregate equilibrium allocations are generically unique. Although the good for sale is divisible, in equilibrium the seller ends up trading her whole endowment or not trading at all. Trades take place at a price equal to the expected quality of the good, conditional on the seller being ready to trade at that price. Our model thus provides a novel strategic foundation for Akerlof's (1970) results. It also contrasts with competitive screening models in which contracts are assumed to be exclusive, as in Rothschild and Stiglitz (1976). Latent contracts that are issued but not traded in equilibrium play an important role in our analysis.     

《纪念爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》的心理学解读

《纪念爱米丽的一朵玫瑰花》是美国作家威廉.福克纳的经典短篇小说,讲述了南方没落贵族小姐爱米丽的悲剧生活。从弗洛伊德精神分析理论中的自我防御机制为出发点探讨爱米丽的人格发展历程,可以看到爱米丽背负着沉重的心理包袱,在新旧观念对抗中艰难前行,成为了南方没落贵族的一个缩影。     

以转变发展方式为导向的粮食产业链优化研究

粮食产业发展方式转变的核心是对整个粮食产业链进行优化与整合。中国粮食产业链存在的突出问题是：各环节的连接效应较弱,加工业整体实力不强,产供销各环节的组织化程度差异大,产业链条短,粮食物流体系建设滞后。粮食产业链优化的重点是通过整合相关要素,使产业链结构更加合理有效,产业内各环节之间的衔接更加紧密协调。实现优化的3个机制：纵向延伸优化机制、横向扩张优化机制和侧向拓展优化机制。     

非研究型大学教学与科研的正相关系

培养人才和发展科学是大学的两大职能,体现的具体形式就是教学和科研,学校的定位和办学理念不同,教学和科研的评价机制就会不同。分析了教学型和教学研究型大学教学和科研的关系现状及历史根源,提出了教学和科研的正相关系论,同时指出了二者融合机制的具体措施。     

The potential power of social policy programmes: income redistribution,economic resources and health

Lundberg O, Fritzell J, Åberg Yngwe M, Kölegård ML. The potential power of social policy programmes: income redistribution, economic resources and health Int J Soc Welfare 2010: ??: ??–??© 2010 The Author(s), Journal compilation © 2010 Blackwell Publishing Ltd and International Journal of Social Welfare. This Supplement includes a number of articles dealing with the role of social policy schemes for public health across the life course. As a key social determinant of health, poverty and its consequences have historically been at the forefront of the public health discussion. But also in rich countries today, economic resources are likely to be important for health and survival, both on an individual and an aggregate level. This introductory article serves as a background for the more specific analyses that follow. The focus is on why income and income inequality could have an effect on individual and population health. We discuss relationships between the individual and population levels and between income and health, and some of the possible mechanisms involved. We also present arguments for why welfare state institutions may matter.     

绿色江苏建设中森林生态补偿机制设计

在江苏平原林业生态建设模式描述的基础上,提出了绿色江苏建设中森林生态补偿机制建设的总体思路和基本原则;对森林生态补偿的方式、对象和标准进行了设计。并根据生态作用的不同,从资金来源、补偿对象、补偿方式、补偿标准、补偿内容等方面,针对江苏林业建设的不同模式构建了不同的补偿模式。