Friends or foes? Migrants and sub-state nationalists in Europe

ABSTRACT

How do sub-state nationalists respond to the growing presence of cultural diversity in their ‘homelands’ resulting from migration? Sub-state nationalists in Europe, in ‘nations without states’ such as Catalonia and Scotland, have been challenging the traditional nation-state model for many decades. While the arguments in favour of autonomy or independence levelled by these movements have become more complex, sub-state nationalist movements remain grounded by their perceived national community that is distinct from the majority nation. Migration to the ‘homeland’ of a sub-state nation, then, presents a conundrum for sub-state elites that we label the ‘legitimation paradox’: too much internal diversity may undermine the claim to cultural distinctiveness. We engage with three common intervening variables thought to influence how sub-state nationalists confront the ‘legitimation paradox’: civic/ethnic nationalism, degree of political autonomy, and party competition. Our overarching argument is that none of these factors have a unidirectional or determinate effect on the sub-state nationalism-immigration nexus, which is why the nuanced case studies that comprise this Special Issue are worthwhile endeavours.     

现实主义：美国民族文学的真正开端——论美国19世纪现实主义文学的特征

19世纪现实主义掀起了美国文学的第一次浪潮。这一时期,产生了豪威尔斯、马克·吐温、亨利·詹姆斯等享有国际盛名的作家。他们摒弃了浪漫主义创作原则,突破了关国文学的"欧洲化"局限,使美国文学跃上了一座高峰。同时,美国19世纪现实主义文学呈现了多元化景观况,产生了乡土文学、心理现实主义、自然主义等流派。这些流派以美国式的表达和美国式的主题构建了美国民族文学,成为民族文学的真正开端。     

兰陵萧氏宗教信仰转变与时代变迁互动关系初探

兰陵萧氏是中国中古时期显赫的士大夫家族,历经梁、陈、隋、唐400余年,且始终活跃在这个时期上层社会的舞台上。文章对兰陵萧氏家族信仰的形成及变迁做初步探讨,力图揭示以兰陵萧氏为代表的中古士大代夫家族信仰的变迁与中国中古社会政治思想文化变动之间的互动关系。     

How Satisfied are Spouses with their Leisure Time? Evidence from Europe

This paper first identifies the determinants of spouses’ satisfaction levels within the household with respect to their leisure time and, secondly, characterizes whether their preferences have some degree of altruistic or egoistic character in regard to this particular satisfaction. To that end, it formulates a theoretical framework from the collective family model whose stochastic formulations are estimated for 14 EU countries. The general empirical results first reveal that the presence of children has a significantly negative impact on the leisure satisfaction of both spouses. Then, increases in individual incomes lead to lower own leisure satisfaction levels. Both husbands and wives show egoistic behavior with respect to the labor and non-labor incomes (wage rate) of their respective spouses’ satisfaction levels.

Consequences of religious and secular boundaries among the majority population for perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities in Western Europe

While the concept of symbolic boundaries and ethnic boundary-making is well established in social research, the direct consequences of these boundaries for the integration of migrants have not received much attention. This paper thus analyses whether religious and secular boundaries of national belonging among the majority population have an impact on perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities in Western Europe. To analyse this linkage, data from the International Social Survey Programme measuring the importance of religion as a symbolic boundary of national belonging among the majority have been aggregated as a regional context condition and combined with a Muslim minority subsample from the European Social Survey. The results of the multilevel models reveal that the salience of religious boundaries is associated with less perceived discrimination among Muslim minorities, while secular orientations among the majority seem to be more decisive for subjective perceptions of feeling discriminated against. Overall, the results thus challenge the role of religion as an ethno-religious demarcation and point to the relevance of secular boundaries of belonging for immigrant integration.     

两种理论视野下的西欧穆斯林政治参与问题探析

20世纪60年代以来,穆斯林已经成为西欧社会不容忽视的现实存在,但是在政治参与方面,穆斯林远未能有效参与西欧各国的政治进程。穆斯林人口在种族、经济地位等方面的多样性是其有效参与政治的内在障碍。从资源动员理论和政治机会结构理论的分析可以发现,穆斯林对公民权、政治精英、参政渠道等政治资源的占有不足,加之欧洲殖民心理遗产的影响、欧洲的世俗化政策、伊斯兰恐惧症、外部穆斯林世界的影响等多种因素,共同构成了影响穆斯林广泛参与西欧政治生活的重要原因。     

Differences and similarities in monetary benefits for informal care in old and new EU member states

This article presents an overview of the monetary benefits available in the context of long‐term care provided by family or other informal carers in 11 old and 10 new EU member states. All but one country in our sample offer at least some monetary benefits that can be used to help finance informal care. Old EU member states tend to direct benefits to individuals in need of care, whereas new EU member states place more emphasis on benefits for carers. Among new EU member states, monetary benefits are less often means‐tested and tend to be lower compared with benefits in old EU member states. Because social policies in many countries increasingly rely on monetary benefits rather than on benefits in kind and because the share of informal care in the overall provision of elderly care will scarcely decline, monetary benefit incentives for labour market participation need to be carefully monitored.     

Large,But Adaptable? A Successful Population Policy and Its Long Term Effects

A restrictive population policy led to almost doubling the number of newborns from one year to another in Romania in the 1960s. Twenty years later, this large generation (of women) enters a marriage market with few eligible older mates, in a society where marriage is a must. In this article, I analyze this social experiment within the broader frame of the marriage squeeze/two sex models. Using various data from censuses and surveys, I argue that the marriage market is flexible even when is confronted with disproportionately large cohorts. If the social pressure toward marriage is strong, the marriage rates do not necessarily fall, but the mating age patterns change.

对欧盟未来文化建构的思考——一种对文化理念、概念与行动的表述

2002年12月在丹麦首都哥本哈根召开的欧盟首脑会议,正式宣布东欧12国为欧盟正式成员.这样,欧盟实现了第5次扩大,一个大的欧洲即将产生.欧盟各项法律与政策的逐渐统一,为欧洲的发展提供了制度平台.其中,对文化多样性与平等性的维护与发展,不仅为欧盟的东扩开拓了理念与概念空间,而且为未来"大欧洲"社会的形成与融合创造了条件.本文从"大欧洲"文化的理念、概念与实践三个方面对未来欧洲社会的前景进行了一些前瞻性的思考,力图从理论上进行一定的文化建构与探索.     

古代世界的"欧洲"观念

当代欧洲一体化运动的思想文化渊源,可以追溯到古代"欧洲"观念的产生.而这一观念的产生与欧洲认同密不可分.随着神话概念(对过去的认同),地理概念(对空间的认同)和文化认同三个阶段的演进,欧洲认同逐渐加强,"欧洲"观念逐步形成,最早的欧洲一体思想也随之出现.