Environmental Refugees? Classifying Human Migrations Caused by Environmental Change

What distinguishes environmental refugees from other refugees—or other migrants? Are all environmental refugees alike? This essay develops a classification to begin to answer these questions and facilitate future policies and research on environmental refugees. Environmental refugees may have considerable control over the decision to migrate, but this varies by the type of environmental disruption. The origin, intention, and duration of environmental disruptions shape the type of refugee. Refugees from disasters and expropriations have limited control over whether environmental changes will produce migration. Gradual degradation allows “environmental emigrants” to determine how they will respond to environmental change.     

Habitat stability and the larval mosquito community in treeholes and other containers on a temperate Island

The temporal fluctuation of water levels and the presence of mosquito larvae were investigated for four types of small container habitats (treeholes, bamboo stumps, cemetery stone vases, and cemetery stone vessels) on Kabeshima Island in Kyushu, southwestern Japan. The probability that containers held water was positively correlated with the quantity of the preceding rainfall and with the depth and volume of the containers. It was estimated that dehydration occurred more regularly in autumn and winter than in summer. The probability that mosquito larvae were present in each type of container was positively correlated with habitat stability in terms of the probability of the existence of standing water and the coefficient of variation of the water level. Twelve species of mosquito larvae, including two rare predators, were found. Species composition differed between the different types of container. Although 4 to 10 species used each type of container, the median number of species per container was two for treeholes and bamboo stumps, and one for the others. The dominant species wasTripteroides bambusa in treeholes and bamboo stumps,Aedes albopictus in stone vases, andA. japonicus in stone vessels. The larval mosquito community, which lacked major predators, possessed the following features that may facilitate the coexistence of many species: (1) niche segregation amongst species in terms of their selection of container types; (2) an aggregated distribution of the individual species among containers of the same type; (3) high intraspecific mean crowding (and hence probably intense intraspecific competition) in the dominant species in each type of container; (4) independent species associations within the same type of container; and (5) low interspecific mean crowding (and hence probablynot intense interspecific competition) between species in the same type of container.     

我国人口分布、迁移的生态环境因素分析

人口分布、迁移受环境、历史、经济等多因素影响,但从经济因素分析人口问题,所占比例较大。本文着重分析区域生态环境与人口分布、迁移的相互影响的关系,并认为:为协调我国人口分布、迁移与区域生态环境之间的关系,关键有两点新思路,一是允许人口分布数量的不均衡存在,二是重视人口迁移的高质量转变。     

Two Population-Environment Regimes in the Great Plains of the United States, 1930–1990

This paper analyzes factors that affect net migration rates in counties in the U.S. Great Plains between 1930 and 1990, emphasizing the roles of weather (especially drought), environmental amenities, employment, and population, making use of a rich county-level data set. Using a pooled time series model the paper shows that environment is important in population processes, with weather and agricultural change more important in the 1930s and 1940s, and environmental amenities more important in later time periods. The paper provides important insights into how environmental impacts on migration might change over time, and how those changes might be measured.     

青海民族地区人口与经济协调发展的几点思考

人口与自然是否相适应,直接影响人口与经济环境的发展。人口与环境不协调发展已成为当前制约青海全面推进小康进程的瓶颈。只有制定出符合青海民族地区实际的计生政策,才可能有效地、整体地推动青海民族地区的经济发展。     

Dynamics of age- and size-structured populations in fluctuating environments: Applications of stochastic matrix models to natural populations

Recent developments of the theory of stochastic matrix modeling have made it possible to estimate general properties of age- and size-structured populations in fluctuating environments. However, applications of the theory to natural populations are still few. The empirical studies which have used stochastic matrix models are reviewed here to examine whether predictions made by the theory can be generally found in wild populations. The organisms studied include terrestrial grasses and herbs, a seaweed, a fish, a reptile, a deer and some marine invertebrates. In all the studies, the stochastic population growth rate (ln λ _s ) was no greater than the deterministic population growth rate determined using average vital rates, suggesting that the model based only on average vital rates may overestimate growth rates of populations in fluctuating environments. Factors affecting ln λ _s include the magnitude of variation in vital rates, probability distribution of random environments, fluctuation in different types of vital rates, covariances between vital rates, and autocorrelation between successive environments. However, comprehensive rules were hardly found through the comparisons of the empirical studies. Based on shortcomings of previous studies, I address some important subjects which should be examined in future studies.     

媒介融合背景下株洲炎陵旅游目的地整合营销研究

整合营销是旅游目的地取得竞争优势的关键手段,把握媒介融合背景下营销环境的变化有利于加速营销信息的传播。基于此,为提高株洲炎陵旅游目的地的知名度以及促进当地旅游业的持续发展,客观上要求旅游目的地整合各种旅游资源和市场信息。在对株洲炎陵旅游整合营销SWOT分析的基础上,提出当地旅游整合营销的具体运用,包括品牌形象整合、旅游产品整合、营销主体整合等,并从产品体系、定价策略、营销渠道以及宣传形式四个方面,构建株洲炎陵旅游目的地整合营销模式。     

镜面材料在家居环境中的应用

镜面材料是现代室内环境应用较多的装饰材料之一。它不仅具有装饰性,又能扩展空间,特别是在现在土地资源稀缺,寸土寸金的小户型流行的时代,镜面材料在增大视觉效果方面所起的作用是无可替代的,但镜面材料本身对人的心理作用在现实中却往往被设计师忽略了。本文从探讨镜面材质在家居环境设计中所起的作用入手,充分肯定这一类装饰材料在现代室内设计中所扮演的重要角色,同时提出家居环境中镜面材料的使用应慎重。     

环境审判专门化的分析与展望——以我国环保法庭模式为切入点

由于环境案件在法律上和技术上的特殊性,环境审判专门化成为司法体制改革的必然趋势。就我国现实状况而言,环境纠纷与日俱增但诉讼极少且无力救济公民权利,审判机制受到多方因素影响而无法正确审理案件。为了应对环境审判的紧迫形势,我国采取环保法庭的专门化审判模式进行试点,不仅具有法律上的依据,而且体现出诸多的优越性。但作为一种新生的审判机制,环保法庭仍然存在诸多问题亟待完善。当然,环保法庭并不是司法推动环保事业的唯一方式,深入探索设立环保法院或者利用现有专门法院等有益途径,可以进一步实现环境审判专门化的目标。     

黄河流域水资源现状分析及可持续利用对策探讨

水资源的可持续利用是经济社会可持续发展的基础,是当今的治水思路。水资源短缺、水污染严重是黄河水资源管理中面临的主要问题。针对黄河流域水环境状况,从保护黄河水资源的角度提出了保证水资源可持续利用的具体措施:加强黄河源区生态环境建设;全面推行各种节水技术和措施,节约用水,提高用水效率;增加可供水量;加强水资源保护,控制水体污染;统一调度黄河水资源,严格实行总量控制,建立和完善河流污染补偿机制,制定中、长期可持续利用规划,完善法律法规,健全执法机构,加强流域水资源统一管理。