让学生学会道德选择

在多元价值观不断发生冲突的文化背景下,人们更需要具备一定的道德选择意识和道德选择能力。我国学校德育改革可采取的措施有:(1)重新确立学校道德教育目标;(2)改革教育内容和方法;(3)建立新型的"我-你"师生关系。     

我国高等教育大众化进程中的误区分析

近年来,伴随着高等教育走向大众化的进程,我国的高等教育取得了长足的进步和发展。但值得注意的是,我国在高等教育大众化的推进过程中,出现了对"高等教育大众化"概念界定不清,并在初始阶段带有一定的主观功利性以及基础缺乏、动力不足,国家与个人需求的两难抉择等等一系列问题。笔者结合高等教育大众化的实践,对近来高等教育大众化进程中存在的误区进行深刻的反思,以使我们科学理性地理解大众化,寻求切实可行的推进路径。     

《需要、欲望和自我》一书的基本概念和逻辑

一切物包括无机物和植物都有需要,因此需要具有客观性,是物存在和发展的客观条件.其实现形式从无机物的被动,到植物的主动,到动物的欲望,再到人的理性,总的趋势是从客观走向主观.需要和欲望有不同的发展史、本质和价值;欲望是实现需要的一种心理形式;价值是需要而不是欲望的满足及其程度.需要、欲望和价值是该书的三个基本概念.需要是人的客观方面,欲望是人的主观方面,二者的辩证,意味着人的内部矛盾,意味着主体不等于主观,这是该书的基本逻辑.把握人本身,为人的解放确定正确方向,对主体的分析是前提.     

Elder Abuse and Neglect—“Old Phenomenon”: New Directions for Research,Legislation, and Service Developments

This article poses the question: Is elder abuse and neglect a social problem, showing that it is. Elder abuse, though, is still the most hidden form of mistreatment and a key to governmental responses to an ageing population. It is an important facet as a family violence problem, an intergenerational concern, as well as a health, justice and human rights issue. Because the phenomenon of elder abuse and neglect is so complex and multi-dimensional, it has to be addressed by multi-professional and inter-disciplinary approaches. Raising awareness is a fundamental prevention strategy and an important step in causing changes in attitudes and behaviors. This has been accomplished by INPEA and the article was developed from the lecture given by the author on receiving the International Rosalie Wolf Award from INPEA. The discussion focuses on elder abuse as a product of global ageing, stemming from population ageing, which is consistent with an increased prevalence of abuse of all vulnerable groups, older people among them. It is pointed out that baseline and trend data on the nature and prevalence of senior abuse are crucial to policy responses and the development of appropriate programs and services. Difficulties in assessing the scope of the phenomenon, though, are due to: problems in definitions and methodology, which create difficulties in comparing data from various countries; lack of social and familial awareness; isolation of some elders, especially migrants; elder abuse as a ‘hidden issue’ that usually occurs in the privacy of the home and is viewed as a family affair; limited access to institutional settings. Difficulties also exist in constructing a unifying research framework in order to study the phenomenon due to a lack of comparison groups, a lack of representative national surveys and difficulties in measurement. There is currently, however, an increase in prevalence and incidence studies from both sides of the Atlantic and especially from Europe. But while prevalence studies provide base-data on numbers, little is known about key conceptual issues for policy, practice and the understanding of different forms of abuse and neglect. Theoretical under-development hampers the collection of systematic cumulative knowledge which is based on universally agreed upon and standardized tools, and reduces the ability to discover unifying themes and their relationship to local idiosyncrasies existing in the field. Additionally, there has been no attempt to develop theoretical knowledge grounded in data from the study of elder abuse itself. The following vehicles for action are, thus, suggested: Developing international, national and regional research agendas and data bases; developing policy and legislation; developing services and interventions and developing educational programs.     

Assessment of Children in Need in a Post-Soviet Context: Reflections of Child Protective Workers in Estonia

Child protective worker perspectives and principles are known to affect practitioner–-client interaction. However, there is little research on the principles underpinning workers’ assessment activities in transitioning post-Soviet societies where child protection is a relatively new field. This article presents the findings of a small-scale, qualitative study that explored the perspectives and principles that Estonian child protective workers utilize to inform their assessments. The respondents (N = 20) provided examples of real-life cases that reflected their assessment perspectives. The results indicated that too often workers’ assessments demonstrate an over-reliance on an authoritarian, deficit-based approach that does not sufficiently include family or child perspectives. Such an approach may suggest the lingering influence of philosophies that informed family policy during the Soviet occupation. Workers with advanced training in social work and strength-based practices were more likely to focus on family strengths, build collaborative relationships with parents and children, and report successful outcomes in their cases. This study underscores the potential influence of previous Soviet occupation on child welfare practices in Estonia and also the need for further training of the nation’s child protective workers.     

Jury Selection in Child Sex Abuse Trials: A Case Analysis

Child sex abuse cases have been the target of considerable psycho-legal research. The present paper offers an analysis of psychological constructs for jury selection in child sex abuse cases from the defense perspective. The authors specifically delineate general and case-specific jury selection variables. General variables include authoritarianism, dogmatism, need for cognition, pretrial knowledge, and race/socioeconomic status. Case-specific variables include sexual attitudes, homonegativity, juror abuse history, and beliefs about children. The paper also provides a factual background of a representative case, incorporates relevant case law, identifies sources for voir dire and juror questionnaire items, and discusses lessons from the primary author's first experience as a trial consultant for the defense.     

Making the developmental system work better for children: lessons learned implementing an innovative programme

Pathways to Prevention is an early prevention project founded on developmental systems theory operating through a schools‐community agency‐university partnership in a socially disadvantaged area of Brisbane. Circles of Care is a Pathways programme also implemented on a small scale by the same agency in a regional city. The Circles programme is designed to strengthen connections between schools, families and community services, and harmonize activities in these settings by surrounding children with identified needs with a supportive group of adults. A Circle, which includes at least the child, parent(s), teacher and agency staff, sets goals, mobilizes resources for the child, family and school, and monitors progress. The client is conceptualized not as the child but as a dysfunctional developmental system, with better outcomes for children as the ultimate goal. Qualitative evaluation at the two sites showed that while Circles worked well at the level of practical support and relationship building and did achieve good child outcomes, its capacity to achieve collaborative practice and strengthen system relations was limited by entrenched organizational structures and cultures. However, one site, with more support for collaboration across organizational boundaries, suggested that system alignment is achievable on a larger scale with vision and leadership for organizational reform.     

合同自由与等价交换的博弈——英美“约因无须等价”规则研究

“约因”是传统英美合同法的核心要件, 而“约因必须充足但无须等价”则是法官认定“约因”是否存在进而决定允诺是否有强制力的指导性规则。该规则衍生于英格兰中世纪的合同诉讼, 于18世纪后期确立为近现代英美合同法的重要内容。“名义约因”与“虚假约因陈述”是约因无须等价的两种特殊情形。约因无须等价规则的起源与发展生动地诠释了普通法的传统个性, 它蕴涵了合同自由的精神, 并发挥着促进交易之功能。将合同关系的本质概括为“协作”是当代学者对约因无须等价规则提出的最新哲学辩护。     

城市建设与法制保障的关系

十几年来,我国各地城市建设的速度加快,带来了许多重大变化,由此也出现了很多问题。城市建设采用行政手段和政策措施固然必要,但从长远看,法制保障才是城市建设的根本保障。在推进城市建设的过程中,应将一些政策决定上升为法规,增强其稳定性和规范性,更加明确地体现社会意志并坚持落实执行,完善文化遗产法律体系,建立健全城市建设社会保障体系。城市建设必须依靠法制保障,才能更快更好地发展。     

需求对宁夏经济发展的影响度研究

本文借鉴宏观经济学中的需求分析研究方法,结合宁夏投入产出模型和现代数理统计分析研究方法,对1998年以来宁夏投资、消费和净出口需求对经济增长的支撑进行了实证分析。认为宁夏经济增长呈现出高投资率的显著特征;居民消费在消费需求中处于主导地位,需求结构变化对经济增长的影响已超过产业结构的影响。提出增加城乡居民收入、引导消费、扩大内需是“十一五”及今后一个时期政府必须高度关注的问题。