民国时期中英关于新疆阿富汗人国籍问题之交涉

民国时期 ,为了将新疆的阿富汗人变成侵略中国西北地区的工具 ,同时干涉阿富汗的主权 ,英国与中国政府就新疆的阿富汗人国籍问题进行了长期交涉 ,英国借这个问题侵略中国新疆和干涉阿富汗主权     

Social roles and negotiation of status in host-tourist interaction: A view from British television holiday programmes

Although folk discourses frequently emphasise such raison d’être benefits of tourism as broadening one's horizons through knowing foreign people(s) and cultures, most critical studies of tourism stress tourists’ relative illiteracy with regard to the ‘reading’ of the local. This paper is based on extracts from two British holiday programme series, BBC's Holiday 2000/1 and ITV's Wish You Were Here?, in which the presenters engage in some form of verbal (and non‐verbal) interaction with local people. A close discourse analysis of these interactions reveals that the dominant ideology of tourism, as propagated in the programmes, gives evidence of only limited contact between tourists and local people, although the former often create the illusion of closeness, familiarity and ‘friendship’. Most contact with local people occurs in their principal roles as either ‘helpers’/‘servants’, ‘experts’, or as part of ‘local scenery’. At times, however, local people are seen to resist these super‐imposed roles, casting themselves as worldly and cosmopolitan. Meanwhile, it is often the presenter‐tourists who construct for themselves parochial identities by adhering to stereotyped interpretations of local people and seeking ‘safe’ interpretations of the host culture. These encounters are therefore often sites of power struggle, in which presenter‐tourists assert themselves as dominant and powerful, while local people may subvert these attempts, for example, by claiming high status for themselves through expert knowledge.     

对西方新计划经济理论责难社会主义选择市场的回应

西方新计划经济理论从社会主义不需要选择市场、不能选择市场和不能与市场长期结合,对社会主义市场取向的改革提出了质疑,而协商民主的计划经济的不可行性、市场的工具性和社会主义与市场经济不存在根本的矛盾,表明西方新计划经济理论对社会主义选择市场的责难不能成立,社会主义选择市场是实践的需要,中国进行的社会主义条件下市场取向的改革取得的成就,表明社会主义选择市场是正确的,是对马克思主义的新发展。     

Cognitive mapping as a technique for supporting international negotiation

This article explores the use of cognitive mapping as a tool for supporting international negotiation. Cognitive mapping was developed from the research tradition in cognitive psychology that was pioneered by Heider, congruity theory and attribution theory. Applied to political analysis, the technique can be used to represent causal and quasi-causal thinking about a specific policy area. Cognitive maps can be hand-drawn, or, in the case of maps consisting of more than 25 concepts, machine-generated for detailed and systematic analysis. Regardless of the format, cognitive maps can be examined to determine the most central concepts, the explanation of a problem in terms of its root causes and potential consequences, the use of evidence, such as historical analogies, internal consistency, and perceived consequences of policy proposals. Although the technique was designed to represent the views of individuals, cognitive maps can be aggregated to study collective decision-making. Applied to international negotiation, the technique can be employed as a substance-focused tool to represent and integrate knowledge about a specific policy area for use by negotiators. As a process-oriented tool, the technique can be used to help negotiators understand better their own assumptions about a problem, the viewpoints of other parties to the negotiations, and the ways others see their own position. In this mode, the technique has promise for promoting convergence of views and negotiated agreements.     

发展政治学视阈下的群体性事件的根源与对策

当前群体性事件已经严重影响了我国的社会稳定。基于发展政治学的视阈,分析当前群体性事件的产生的原因,主要有以下几点:社会转型是其时代条件;社会发展不均衡是其社会条件;政治文化的偏差是其文化条件;制度供给不足是制度条件。要治理群体性事件则须采取以下措施:转变政府职能,建构服务型政府;提升公民政治素养,培育参与型政治文化;建构和完善制度平台,形成利益协商机制。     

高速铁路缓和曲线行车动力性能对比分析

针对三次抛物线、半波正弦和一波正弦3种线型的铁路缓和曲线，以不同的列车运行速度变化规律建立了3种不同的分析工况,理论计算了车体横向加速度时变率。利用铁道车辆系统动力学数值仿真软件，建立了具有93个自由度的单节高速车模型，同时考虑轨道不平顺的影响，仿真计算了车体横向加速度时变率，对比分析了3种不同工况下缓和曲线上车体横向加速度时变率的变化情况。结果表明，在未考虑轨道不平顺时，列车以变化的速度运行，半波正弦更具优势，在车站两端加减速地段可以考虑采用半波正弦型缓和曲线，以提高旅客乘坐舒适度；轨道不平顺对高速行车     

WTO《政府采购协定》的中小企业例外问题

WTO《政府采购协定》没有明文规定扶持中小企业发展的政府采购措施与协定义务的相符性问题。因此，少数协定缔约方在其出价中列入扶持中小企业例外，以排除协定对相关政府采购措施的适用。在研究谈判历史、缔约方出价与政府采购法相关规则以及综合评估利弊的基础上可以确定，由于该项例外并非实现扶持中小企业政策的必要条件，并且须在加入谈判中付出相应代价，我国不必在加入协定的谈判中坚持该项例外，并应修改国内法规。     

谈判、标准化、互认与TBT的理性化路径选择

从TBT理性化的内涵入手,分别评析了TBT理性化的三大主要路径——谈判、标准化、互认的可行性, 指出TBT的理性化路径虽然有着为数不少的选择,但要真正探索一条完全理想的理性化路径还比较困难,并且需一定的时间。     

Ideological or religious? Contending visions on the future of Alevi identity

Establishing a coherent collective identity within the modern urban context among people who have different ideological, social and religious orientations, and social and economic backgrounds, is an ongoing struggle within the Alevi community in Turkey. This study tries to understand how alternative positions on Alevi identity dynamically construct the boundaries, moral contents and the new shape of Alevi identity in modern urban contexts through use of various discursive resources. At least two main contending ‘positions’ on Alevi identity try to institutionalise Alevi identity in modern urban contexts, which are ‘Ideological Position’ and ‘Religious Position’. Those discourse positions constitute different visions about the past and the future of the Alevi community as well as the cultural and the political boundaries of Alevi identity. More importantly, those positions resonate in ordinary citizens’ life stories as well as group narratives. This study utilises the analytical frame of ‘positioning theory’ to shed light on the complexities of identity negotiation.     

Looking Beyond Spring for the Season: An African Perspective on the World Order after the Arab Revolt

There is much misunderstanding today about the decision of African countries not to endorse the military intervention in Libya undertaken by France, Great Britain, and the United States in conjunction with a few Arab States. This act of non-cooperation is the result of a tension that is much deeper and, contrary to punditry, goes to the core of the future of global governance and international morality today. This tension arises from two clashing positions: (1) the tendency of a fraction of states frequently self-designated as the West to usurp the mantle of international community, and (2) the longstanding objection from ‘Africa’ that the will of the international community may be appropriated by a small fractions of its constituents, however powerful. The underlying opposition extends today to all domains of international law, from the inception of law (in this case UN resolutions), to its interpretation and implementation, to the appreciation of its execution, or judgment.

Hoy día hay un fuerte malentendido sobre la decisión de los países africanos de no apoyar a la intervención militar en Libia emprendida por Francia, Gran Bretaña y los Estados Unidos en conjunción con algunos estados árabes. Este acto de no cooperación es el resultado de una tensión que es más profunda, y contraria al pronóstico de los llamados expertos, que va al núcleo del futuro del gobierno global y la ética internacional actual. Esta tensión proviene de dos posiciones conflictivas: (1) la tendencia de una fracción de estados autodesignados frecuentemente como el occidente que usurpa la capa de la comunidad internacional, y (2) la perdurable objeción de ”África” a que la voluntad de la comunidad internacional pueda ser destinada a pequeñas fracciones de sus constituyentes, aún poderosas. La oposición subyacente se extiende hoy en día a todos los dominios de la ley internacional, desde el comienzo de la ley (en este caso, las resoluciones de las Naciones Unidas).

今天,对于非洲国家不同意法、英、美联手一些阿拉伯国家对利比亚进行军事干预的决定,仍然存在很大误解。这种不合作行为是一种紧张状态的结果,与专家意见相反,这种紧张正成为未来全球治理以及今日国际道德的核心。它产生于两种相互冲突的立场：(1)一部分惯常自命为西方的国家侵害国际共同体外表的倾向;（2）“非洲”长期存在的反对： 国际共同体的意志有可能被一小部分成员（不管多强大）所盗用。今天,潜在的反对正从法律（本例中即联合国决议）的开端延伸到国际法的所有领域。