Why is the gender revolution uneven and stalled? Gender essentialism and men's movement into ‘women's work'

Men's limited movement into female occupations has been identified as a key barrier to future declines in occupational sex segregation and achieving greater gender equality. So why are men so reticent to enter jobs normatively regarded as female? Drawing from qualitative interviews with multiple stakeholders in four female‐dominated occupations in Australia, this article documents the processes that influence men's employment in gender‐atypical jobs. Gender essentialism is central to many processes that generate and/or stall changes in men's representation in female‐dominated occupations. While gender essentialism's role in producing and reproducing occupation sex segregation is well known, its role in reducing occupational sex segregation is a critical process which has previously received limited attention. The article details gender essentialism's integrative function.     

企业年金积累期的最优动态资产配置策略

替代率是评价企业年金基金投资效果的重要指标之一.本文构建了与替代率挂钩的目标基金,建立了基于目标的企业年金基金最优资产配置模型,利用随机动态规划方法获得了年金基金最优投资策略的解析解,并通过蒙特卡洛模拟技术对所得结果进行数值模拟,考察了不同市场环境及不同群体的最优配置策略和最优策略对可控制参数的敏感性.结果表明:模型中参数对年金基金的最优配置策略各有不同影响,不同群体和不同金融市场中的最优策略也有差异,但总体而言最优资产配置策略具有高风险资产权重随着时间推移而降低的动态特征.     

绩效考核对高校教师工作满意度的影响:职业压力的中介作用

在中国高校全面实施校内岗位津贴及配套政策的情境下,探讨绩效考核对教师工 作满意度的影响。大样本调查结果显示,绩效考核对工作满意度的影响有3条路径：绩效考核对工作满意度直接的积极影响;绩效考核通过职业压力的中介作用,间接影响工作满意度;绩效考核通过考核认知的中介作用,影响职业压力,进而影响工作满意度,其中第1条路径的影响最强,第2条路径的影响相对较弱。高校教师这一职业存在高职业满意度、低薪酬满意度并存的现象。     

Risk Estimation and Value-of-Information Analysis for Three Proposed Genetic Screening Programs for Chronic Beryllium Disease Prevention

Genetic differences (polymorphisms) among members of a population are thought to influence susceptibility to various environmental exposures. In practice, however, this information is rarely incorporated into quantitative risk assessment and risk management. We describe an analytic framework for predicting the risk reduction and value-of-information (VOI) resulting from specific risk management applications of genetic biomarkers, and we apply the framework to the example of occupational chronic beryllium disease (CBD), an immune-mediated pulmonary granulomatous disease. One described Human Leukocyte Antigen gene variant, HLA-DP beta 1*0201, contains a substitution of glutamate for lysine at position 69 that appears to have high sensitivity (approximately 94%) but low specificity (approximately 70%) with respect to CBD among individuals occupationally exposed to respirable beryllium. The expected postintervention CBD prevalence rates for using the genetic variant (1) as a required job placement screen, (2) as a medical screen for semiannual in place of annual lymphocyte proliferation testing, or (3) as a voluntary job placement screen are 0.08%, 0.8%, and 0.6%, respectively, in a hypothetical cohort with 1% baseline CBD prevalence. VOI analysis is used to examine the reduction in total social cost, calculated as the net value of disease reduction and financial expenditures, expected for proposed CBD intervention programs based on the genetic susceptibility test. For the example cohort, the expected net VOI per beryllium worker for genetically based testing and intervention is $13,000, $1,800, and $5,100, respectively, based on a health valuation of $1.45 million per CBD case avoided. VOI results for alternative CBD evaluations are also presented. Despite large parameter uncertainty, probabilistic analysis predicts generally positive utility for each of the three evaluated programs when avoidance of a CBD case is valued at $1 million or higher. Although the utility of a proposed risk management program may be evaluated solely in terms of risk reduction and financial costs, decisions about genetic testing and program implementation must also consider serious social, legal, and ethical factors.     

On Block Updating in Markov Random Field Models for Disease Mapping

Gaussian Markov random field (GMRF) models are commonly used to model spatial correlation in disease mapping applications. For Bayesian inference by MCMC, so far mainly single-site updating algorithms have been considered. However, convergence and mixing properties of such algorithms can be extremely poor due to strong dependencies of parameters in the posterior distribution. In this paper, we propose various block sampling algorithms in order to improve the MCMC performance. The methodology is rather general, allows for non-standard full conditionals, and can be applied in a modular fashion in a large number of different scenarios. For illustration we consider three different applications: two formulations for spatial modelling of a single disease (with and without additional unstructured parameters respectively), and one formulation for the joint analysis of two diseases. The results indicate that the largest benefits are obtained if parameters and the corresponding hyperparameter are updated jointly in one large block. Implementation of such block algorithms is relatively easy using methods for fast sampling of Gaussian Markov random fields ( Rue, 2001 ). By comparison, Monte Carlo estimates based on single-site updating can be rather misleading, even for very long runs. Our results may have wider relevance for efficient MCMC simulation in hierarchical models with Markov random field components.     

浅谈职业生涯规划对大学生自我教育的影响

加强对大学生职业生涯规划的认知教育可激发学生学习的动力,职业生涯规划设计是提升学生就业能力的基础,职业生涯规划的实施可调整学生的心理平衡,大学生职业生涯规划的目标直接决定其就业的职业方向选择。     

高校期刊编辑职业倦怠的生态学解析

编辑队伍建设中,职业倦怠现象是影响编辑身心健康、工作效率的重要因素。从生态学的视角对高校期刊编辑职业倦怠现象进行探析,结合个体因素和外界环境分析编辑职业倦怠产生的深层次原因,利用生态学的理念以及生态链法则、生态平衡理论和生态和谐理论,引导编辑树立动态工作思路理念,创新和谐共生编辑理念,正确认知编辑职业生态稳定机制,建立与社会需求全面协调、相辅互存的编辑工作机制。     

基于ARIMA模型的2009年山东省手足口病疫情分析及预测

对山东省2009年第13周至第35周(3月30日至8月30日)手足口病发病数作时间序列分析,应用 SPSS软件建立 ARIMA模型,并对预测效果进行评价.结果表明ARIMA (0,2,1)模型很好地拟合了既往时间段上的手足口病发病率序列,发病率的预测值符合实际发病率变动趋势.     

体重指数和慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺功能及呼吸困难的研究

目的研究慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺功能及呼吸困难程度与体重指数的关系。方法 76例COPD稳定期患者按体重指数(BMI)分为2组,BMI<21kg/m2为低体重组,BMI23kg/m2～25kg/m2为正常体重组,每组各为38例,比较两组肺功能障碍和呼吸困难的发生率,分析BMI和肺功能及呼吸困难的相关性。结果低体重患者比正常体重患者呼吸困难发生率高,两者统计学有差异(P<0.05);两组肺功能FEV1(%)Pred,FEV1/FVC(%),MVV差异有显著性(P<0.05),正常体重组明显高于低体重组。结论 COPD患者的体重指数和肺功能及呼吸困难有一定的相关性,改善COPD患者的营养状况,有利于COPD患者改善肺功能和呼吸困难,提高生活质量。     

宋代江南地区疾疫成因分析

现代医学认为流行病是由各种生物性致病原或称为病原体所引起的一组具有强烈传染性的疾病.而从传统医学角度而言,所谓流行病是指具有温热病性质的急性传染病,属温热病中具有强烈传染性、病情危重凶险并具有大流行特征的一类疾病.在古代文献中,一般称之为疲、疾疲、瘥、札、疠等.宋人也大体承袭了这一提法.通常情况下,疫病与流行病无法确切区分,因此,统称流行病为疾疫或瘟疫.宋代江南地区是流行病的多发区.这大概与江南地区水网密布,气候温湿、人口密集、人员流动频繁、经济较为活跃易于细菌病毒繁殖有关.