幼儿乐观品格培育理路

幼儿乐观品格是幼儿对事态抱有正向期待的能够积极面对困难与挑战的精神与行动。培养幼儿乐观品格,有助于幼儿取得成就、获得幸福、增厚德行。作为一种深入内心的积极心境,幼儿乐观品格由里及表的由乐观信念与意志、乐观认知与思维、乐观情绪与行为三层要素构成。基于幼儿年龄发展特点,幼儿乐观品格发展于“基阶”以守护幼儿纯质的乐观为目标,使幼儿适应于环境;“进阶”以培养幼儿理性的乐观为目标,使幼儿能应对问题;“高阶”以发展幼儿通达的乐观为目标,使幼儿可掌控自我内心。为培育幼儿乐观品格应坚持缺一不可、共同发力的三路一“道”：强化乐观行动力,培养幼儿积极投入的行为习惯;优化乐观解释力,发展幼儿正向认知的思维模式;深化乐观信念力,提高幼儿自信掌控的心理动能。     

希腊神话的人文精神

希腊神话是美妙的,它的美是纯粹的、乐观的,没有一点儿人生的凄苦、时世的险恶或惩恶扬善、拯救人类的说教,显示出浪漫的古希腊人“审美重于道德”的价值取向;希腊神话是原欲人性的礼赞,它歌颂性爱、赞美肉体,体现了古希腊人“人性、人权高于一切”的哲学观念和“真即美”的审美标准;希腊神话是乐观主义的源泉,体现出他们为人处世的快乐原则,也表明着古希腊“没有罪恶感”的社会初始阶段特征;希腊神话是力量的颂歌,体现出一种强烈的抗争意识、尚武精神和个人荣誉感,从而演化出西方后世强烈的个体意识……神话的形式会消亡,但它的精神会转化为文化形态而得以存在,得以流传。     

The Effects of Beliefs Versus Risk Attitude on Bargaining Outcomes

In bargaining environments with uncertain disagreement or “impasse” outcomes (e.g., litigation or labor strike outcomes), there is an identification problem that confounds data interpretation. Specifically, the minimally acceptable settlement value from a risk-averse (risk-loving) but unbiased-belief bargainer is empirically indistinguishable from what one could get with risk-neutrality and pessimistically (optimistically) biased beliefs. This article reports results from a controlled bargaining experiment where data on both risk attitude and beliefs under uncertainty are generated in order to assess their relative importance in bargaining experiment outcomes. The average lab subject is risk-averse, yet optimistic with respect to uncertainty, which is consistent with existing studies that examine each in isolation. I also find that the effects of optimism dominate those of risk-aversion. Optimistic bargainers are significantly more likely to dispute and have aggressive final bargaining positions. Dispute rates are not statistically affected by risk attitude, but there is some evidence that risk aversion leads to a weakened bargaining position. Though additional research is needed to understand the limits of extending these results, a key implication follows. In uncertainty environments where optimism dominates, increased settlement rates are more likely achieved by minimizing impasse uncertainty (to limit the potential for optimism) rather than maximizing uncertainty (to weaken the reservation point of risk-averse bargainers), as has been argued in the dispute resolution literature.      

Cross‐Cultural Differences in Risk Perceptions of Disasters

Public risk perceptions of mass disasters carry considerable influences, both psychologically and economically, despite their oft‐times imprecise nature. Prior research has identified the presence of an optimistic bias that affects risk perception, but there is a dearth of literature examining how these perceptions differ among cultures—particularly with regard to mass disasters. The present study explores differences among Japanese, Argentinean, and North American mental health workers in their rates of the optimistic bias in risk perceptions as contrasted between natural disasters and terrorist events. The results indicate a significant difference among cultures in levels of perceived risk that do not correspond to actual exposure rates. Japanese groups had the highest risk perceptions for both types of hazards and North Americans and Argentineans had the lowest risk perceptions for terrorism. Additionally, participants across all cultures rated risk to self as lower than risk to others (optimistic bias) across all disaster types. These findings suggest that cultural factors may have a greater influence on risk perception than social exposure, and that the belief that one is more immune to disasters compared to others may be a cross‐cultural phenomenon.     

Moderators of Career Calling and Job-Search Behaviors Among Unemployed Individuals

We examined the relationship between calling, job-search clarity, and job-search intensity in a cross-sectional study of Italian unemployed job seekers (N = 315). Structural equation modeling with observed variables and latent moderated structural equation models were adopted to test whether optimism, self-esteem, and perseverance moderate the relation between calling, job-search clarity, and job-search intensity. Perceiving a calling was positively related with job-search clarity and intensity, and these relations were stronger in individuals with lower levels of optimism, self-esteem, and perseverance. This study suggests that perceiving a calling is an important personal resource that is related to a clearer job-search goal and to more intense job-search activities and can support job seekers in personal adverse conditions. These results suggest integrating job-search behaviors in the work-as-calling theory and that incorporating the construct of calling into career counselors' practices may increase the efficacy of job-search activities.     

Educational optimism in China: migrant selectivity or migration experience?

This paper addresses the so-called paradox of immigrant optimism, which accounts for the higher educational expectations of immigrant–origin children, compared to non-immigrants in destination countries, conditional on social background and school attainment. We are interested in clarifying whether the mechanisms behind this optimism are related to migrant selectivity or family migration experience. To do this we use data from the China Education Panel Study, a representative survey of junior high school students in China. We use a two-pronged analytical strategy. Firstly, we look at whether having experienced family migration (within China) is associated with higher educational expectations. Secondly, we take a step back and explore whether adolescents who wish to migrate themselves when they grow up report higher educational expectations. Our findings confirm that adolescents who wish to migrate themselves when adults are already more optimistic even before any intentions of moving come to fruition. This we take as an indirect proof of selectivity. In contrast, we find no effect of family migration on expectations.     

梳理与反思:技术乐观主义思潮

以学术发展和社会嬗变为基点梳理技术乐观主义思潮 ,指出 2 0世纪以前盛行的技术乐观主义思潮是科技非理性运用的重要根源 ,并从功用、性质和特征等层面对未来的技术进行反思及展望     

当代西方关于全球性问题的哲理反思

当代人类面临种种全球性问题,科技社会效应的两重性空前突出。当代西方思想界出现了一场科技悲观论与科技乐观论的激烈论争。对这场极具哲理性的争论应当给予分析和全面加以总结,这将有助于马克思主义的科技价值论和生态哲学观的深化和发展。     

组织场承载的战略转型过程——基于长虹集团的案例研究

目的/意义高投资效率保证了企业将资金有效地应用于正确的投资项目,用于支撑企业的战略发展。战略变革的目的是增强企业竞争力,从而提高企业的绩效。探究投资效率与战略变革之间的关系,对提高企业战略变革成功率,创造和维持企业自身竞争优势有重要意义。设计/方法以我国2014～2018年沪深上市企业为样本,通过双向固定效应回归模型,研究了投资效率与战略变革之间的关系以及TMT乐观对二者关系的调节作用,并进一步剖析了竞争强度对TMT乐观调节作用的影响。结论/发现（1）投资效率正向影响战略变革。（2）TMT乐观负向调节投资效率与战略变革之间的正向关系。（3）随着竞争强度的提高,TMT乐观对投资效率与战略变革之间正向关系的负向调节效应被弱化。（4）拓展了投资效率、战略变革以及管理者乐观研究文献。     

Risk Perceptions,Optimism, and Natural Hazards

This article uses the panel survey developed for the Health and Retirement Study to evaluate whether Hurricane Andrew in 1992 altered longevity expectations of respondents who lived in Dade County, Florida, the location experiencing the majority of about 20 billion dollars of damage. Longevity expectations have been used as a proxy measure for both individual subjective risk assessments and dispositional optimism. The panel structure allows comparison of those respondents' longevity assessments when the timing of their survey responses bracket Andrew with those of individuals where it does not. After controlling for health effects, the results indicate a significant reduction in longevity expectations due to the information respondents appear to have associated with the storm.