城网改造社会效益的模糊综合评价

在综合考虑城网改造社会效益的定性指标和定量指标的基础上 ,建立了综合评价城网改造社会效益的指标体系 ,并给出了一种利用模糊数学和层次分析法评价城网改造社会效益的方法 ,其评价结果为城网改造项目的可行性研究提供了依据。     

关于商家选择连锁网点的博弈分析

为了实现利益最大化,商家在自身条件允许的条件下寻找网点开分店,开展连锁商业。对商家选择连锁网点的博弈分析结果表明,商家在开店前认真做好市场调研,开店后用良好的服务、适中的价格等方式尽可能地吸引消费者,同时避免与同行打价格战,或者在其他城市开店,完全可能取得双赢的结果。     

非合理形态的政府利益结构及其消解路径

合理形态的政府利益结构体现了委托人利益与代理人利益的良性互动,实现了委托人利益与代理人利益的双赢。但当政府利益结构由合理形态向非合理形态转变时,政府自利目标便凌驾于公利目标之上,导致公共政策的非公共化。公共利益委托人虚位,公共利益代理人的有限理性和机会主义及作为联系委托人与代理人中介的行政产出的内在特性,是导致政府利益结构由合理形态走向非合理形态的深层根源。因此,需要建立和完善激励约束自律机制以遏制政府利益结构的异化。     

The ethical dilemmas of risky decisions

Even in a pandemic there seem to be inherent conflicts of interest between the individual and societal consequences of remedial actions and strategies. Actions taken in the sole interests of patients, as required by the Hippocratic oath, can have broadly inconvenient economic implications for the State. (“Average” benefits for a population can impose individual inconveniences for the vulnerable.). Understandably these decisions are not normally made explicitly and transparently by governments. This leads to seemingly illogical and inhumane strategies which are not understood and hence mistrusted and often ignored by the public. Vaccination sentiments on social media are often an unwanted symptom of this dilemma. This article outlines and discusses a number of examples of such situations with a focus on ethical aspects. It concludes that each case must be considered individually as to the issues that need to be weighed in these difficult decisions; and that there are no clear and universally acceptable ethical solutions. What can be learned from the COVID-19 crisis is that short term utilitarianism has consequences that in the eyes of the population are unacceptable. This lesson seems equally valid for cost benefit evaluations regarding other risks, such as from hazardous industries, flood defenses, and air transport. Decisionmakers and politicians can learn that persuasion only goes so far. In the end the people appear to prioritize in terms of deontology.     

国际单边主义行为的经济背景分析

单边主义在全球范围内得以滋生与蔓延,无不深深打上各种经济因素与经济背景的烙印。其中包括国家经济实力的过分强盛、全球财富层面的马太效应导致的敌意与恐怖、追随者以及众多无辜国家事实上的买单、经济援助的甜头诱惑、经济全球化进程中的既得利益和利己动机、经济对"战争景气"的依赖等。凡此种种使单边主义成为情理之中的必然结果。     

实现教育公正构建和谐社会

教育是国民立足社会之基础,也是国家发展之根本。然而,教育公正方面存在的问题对社会发展造成了深层次的影响,我们必须深刻认识、认真分析和研究这一趋势的根源,采取切实措施,实现教育公正,为人的全面而自由的发展创造条件,构建社会主义和谐社会。     

义利观转换与公有制兴起的思想基础

在走向现代化过程中,通过义利观的转换来实现利益原则的合法化,是一个必经的过程。在中国传统经济思想中,义高于利是正统看法,不过仍然重视公利,认为其高于私利。于是,在晚清国家生存竞争过程中,追求国家富强这一公利成为中国思想界新的"义",从而经由"公利"的过渡,完成了义利观的转换,实现了利益原则的合法化。作为追求"公利"的手段,公有制也因此获得在中国兴起的心理支持。而公有制之所以被视为追求国富的手段,是因为它在此时受到了三种经济思潮的综合影响:国家掌握财富的传统经济思想、动员储蓄与实现快速工业化的现代经济学思想、消灭私有制以超越现代化弊病的社会主义思想。这三种思潮的合流,成为支持公有制兴起的思想基础。     

普惠视域下民族地区金融发展法制保障的思考

金融是现代经济制度的核心,而我国民族自治地方金融发展较为落后,阻碍了其经济政治社会的全面、协调、可持续发展,需要以法律制度保障差别性支持民族地区金融的发展。现行法律政策等对民族地区金融发展支持力度较弱,应从普惠金融法的价值如“安全、效率、普惠、共享”等以及民族团结与共同繁荣发展入手,采取多种途径和方式创新、完善民族自治地方金融法制,促进民族地区金融与经济社会的协调可持续发展。     

Paid parental leave and other supports for parents with young children: The United States in international comparison

The United States is at a crossroads in its policies for families and women. Currently, the United States provides basic support for children, fathers, and mothers in the form of unpaid parental leave, child‐related tax breaks, and limited public child care. In contrast, the other member states of the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development (OECD) empower families through paid parental leave and comprehensive investments in infants and children. The potential gains from strengthening these policies in the United States are enormous. Paid parental leave and subsidized child‐care help to get and keep more women in the workforce, contribute to economic growth, offer cognitive and health benefits to children, and give parents options in defining their preferred work‐life strategy. Indeed, the United States has been falling behind the rest of the OECD in many social and economic indicators by not adequately investing in children, fathers and mothers. Given the significant payoffs to these family supports, this article focuses on issues of reconciling work and care commitments for families with young children, and, in particular, on paid parental leave policies within the OECD and the United States.     

Exploring a blind spot in comparative pension reform research: Long‐term trends in non‐contributory pensions in Europe

Over the past two decades, pension reforms have been high on the agenda of social policy makers in Europe. In many countries, these reforms have resulted in less generous public pensions. At the same time, minimum income protection for older adults has received attention from policy makers, but much less so from social policy researchers. Therefore, this study explored how benefit levels of non‐contributory minimum income schemes for older adults evolved from 1992 to 2012 in 13 ‘old’ EU member states. Building on two cross‐national longitudinal datasets with comparative data on minimum income protection in Europe, the study shows that over the past 20 years, the erosion of the principal safety net of last resort for older persons has been limited. Moreover, a substantial number of European countries have pursued a deliberate policy of considerably increasing minimum income benefits.