仰望星空的人——论乔纳森·弗兰岑的创作

作为新世纪最出色的二十位作家之一，乔纳森·弗兰岑怀着创作宏大社会小说的理想，穿梭于传统的讲故事高手与熟练的实验作家之间，为读者展示了美国家庭、美国自身，以及美国的资本主义、物质主义、乐观主义和理想主义。他仰望着天空，却关注着众生。     

论张岱小品文的世俗性

从审美的角度看，张岱的小品文卸去了“文以载道”的传统，以普通人的视角再现明亡之前其亲历的生活，多方面表现了大众风情，具有鲜明的世俗性：把在传统文人看来俗之又俗的生活素材诉诸笔端；牵引市民化的人物走进小品文；尤其小说化语言的运用，使得作品富于生活气息。究其成因，首先是文艺思潮世俗化的时代洪流。涌溢各处、不断浸淫；其次是当时市民阶层爱好并喜做小品文的风气甚炽，使得张岱需要考虑读者的趣味；再次是张岱家世生平的坎坷，使他处于文化边缘的写作境地，用饱含深情的笔墨展现市民形貌、礼赞世俗人生。     

马克思的社会有机体理论与构建和谐社会

马克思的社会有机体理论是马克思主义社会发展理论的组成部分,是历史唯物主义的重要内容。马克思的社会有机体理论对当今构建社会主义和谐社会具有重要的理论意义和现实价值。     

Forced to work and liberated from work

The work-welfare nexus is essential in all social policy regimes. The question is in what situations individuals should be entitled to social welfare benefits and in which situations they should be obliged to work. Social welfare law and administrative practices define mechanisms that separate the deserving poor from people able to work. This article analyses the functions and character of these "separation mechanisms" in Sweden during three periods in history: a) in rural society in the late 19th century; b) in industrial society during the successful years of the Swedish model from World War II until the late 1970s; and c) the present, including the period of welfare retrenchment and reconsideration since the early 1980s. The conclusion is that Swedish social policy has always been strongly work-oriented, but the specific form and content of the work ethic has varied under the influence of different ideologies and handled in different social policy institutions. Under specific conditions the work line has been either generous or restrictive and it has been based on structural attempts to improve the opportunities to work as well as on attempts to strongly pressure the individual to work. The work line of today is seen as an interesting attempt to combine an effort to create good work through improved work conditions and an effort to reinforce elements of work enforcement in the social insurance system.     

Beyond recruitment: Predictors of differential participation in a national antihunger organization

Surprisingly little research has sought to explain differential participation after recruitment into social movement organizations (SMOs). This study examines the influence of several sets of predictors on participation by members of a national organization in the antihunger movement. The findings highlight the importance of incentive, ideological, and microstructural factors for differential participation and suggest that favorable perceptions of SMOs also promote participation. Final remarks address the implications of the findings for the social movement and voluntary organization literatures.     

Poverty and social trends in Russia

The article describes the socioeconomic situation of the Russian population and its dynamics in 1992. The analysis is based on series of regional sociological surveys led by the All-Russian Living Standards Research Center and on official Russian statistical data. The basic unit of analysis is the family, and hence family typology approbated both in research and in practical social work is introduced. Besides describing and discussing the growing poverty tendencies in contemporary Russia, the article also contains methodological recommendations for social policy bodies and social workers on the strategy of work in social maintenance and social support of the least secure population strata.     

Making ends meet: perceptions of poverty in Sweden

During the era after the Second World War, Sweden has built a welfare system based on labor market participation and income maintenance. Low unemployment and decent wages are supposed to guarantee people a labor market income or income maintenance, which in turn should provide a proper standard for everyone. However, a rapid increase in unemployment and economic problems have made the future of the Swedish welfare state more uncertain than ever. These circumstances have, among other things, led to the suggestion that Sweden should abandon the income maintenance policy and create a social policy system with the more limited ambition of guaranteeing everyone a minimum income. In that case, one central question must be answered: what constitutes a decent minimum income in today's Sweden? Where should we draw the poverty line under which people will not be forced to live? These questions are central in the current debate. The consensual poverty line method is used in this article to derive a poverty line relevant for today's Sweden. The results shows that more than every fifth household has an income below the consensual poverty line. That is, they have an income that most Swedes would argue is too low to make ends meet. The level of the consensual poverty line was compared with the National Board of Health and Welfare's guidelines for social assistance. The consensual poverty line was shown to be more generous to small households and the norm for social assistance was more generous to larger households. Finally, the expenditure for guaranteeing all Swedish household a minimum income equal to the consensual poverty line was estimated: more than SEK 25 billion per year. The results in the article casts serious doubt on the ability of the Swedish welfare state to secure a decent income to all citizens.     

刑法罪名简繁利弊辩--以中、日刑事立法比较为例

近年来,在刑事司法中时常遇到这样的问题1997年才全面修订的、有400多个罪名的刑法典对一些犯罪案件却难以适用.通过对中、日两国刑事立法的比较分析,探讨了刑法罪名简略与繁缛的利弊得失.认为罪名的简繁各有利弊,但简略利大于弊;法的特性决定罪名的高度概括性;刑法的适用需要法官的判断和推理;关键是尽快改革司法体制,大力提高法官的整体素质.     

Progress and cumulation in the human sciences after the fall

What do we mean by progress and cumulation in the social and human sciences? Recent thinking in the philosophy and history of science has led to an abandonment of some versions of logical positivism and of verificationism that had a strong deductive and theory testing orientation. What is to replace them is less clear. This paper argues that progress and cumulation can be seen as a process of evaluation and retention within an epistemic community. Scholarly disciplines differ in their social structure and in their epistemic and normative commitments. Since sociology is a fragmented discipline, progress and cumulation differ within its multiple subdisciplines, which to varying extents represent epistemic communities. Brief sketches of progress (advance) and cumulation in several subdisciplines are offered.     

科技兴市:佛山跨世纪的战略选择

作者运用理论分析和实证分析相结合的方法对佛山市经济发展的实践予以深刻剖视后指出:佛山市经济建设处在从物质投入主导型向科技进步主导塑转变的转折点上,在跨世纪的经济发展与经济竞争中,佛山市必须实行科技兴市的新发展战略,作者对佛山市科技兴市战略的涵义,目标,条件作了深入分析,并进而设计了科技兴市战略的运行机制和政策落点。