Substitution and spill-overs between early exit pathways in times of extending working lives in Europe

This article investigates to what extent instrument substitution between early exit pathways took place in Europe between 1995 and 2015. Using Eurostat aggregate data on labour market inactivity and employment rates among the population aged 55–64 in 19 European countries, we analyse substitution effects between pathways and overall spill-over effects into non-employment. In spite of a strong decline in early exit and rises in older workers’ employment rates, findings suggest that instrument substitution was common especially between early retirement and disability. Reductions in early exit coincided with considerable spill-overs into non-employment, yet these spill-overs were limited when pathways contracted simultaneously.     

一些英语字母的根表意

西方分析文化及其背后的演绎逻辑和归纳逻辑,让我们可以根据英语单词的定义,不仅推论出英语字母的根表意,而且推论出英语单词背后所隐含的图画.鉴于文献[1]所揭示的一些英语字母的根表意不够完备、或存在一些错误,本文系统地揭示出字母l,h,c,k,b,p,d,q,e,X和Y的根表意.笔者认为:西方人的线性思维方式决定了字母l可以表示任何人或事物(anybody/anything),这是揭示其他10个英语字母根表意的关键,因为字母l是其他10个英语字母的基本构成元素.     

奥斯威辛后的写作——论格拉斯的美学思想

德国作家格拉斯强调自己既是作家也是公民,他把参与和批判视为自己的社会使命。在他看来,作家作为"同时代人",应当抵抗占主导地位的"时代精神";这基于他对荒诞现实的认识。他不断努力拓宽的现实主义概念,试图把下意识、想象、梦幻、虚构这些常被看做空幻的东西引入认识视野。他认为神话和童话具有某种领悟真实的创造性维度,能在碎片中亦即被打碎的真实中重建过去、现在和未来之间的关联。     

Impact of Customer Traffic and Service Process Outsourcing Levels on e‐Retailer Operational Performance

Many service firms deliver services via a mix of internally developed and delivered (i.e., insourced) and externally developed and delivered (i.e., outsourced) service processes. Service process outsourcing is especially common in e‐retailing. Portions of e‐retail customer ordering processes and delivery processes can be digitized and contracted to third‐party vendors. Via outsourcing, service systems change from dyadic to triadic. Prior research examines consumer perceptions of dyadic (consumer to e‐retailer) outcomes, but little research considers service co‐delivery with outsourcing partners (i.e., triadic systems). Literature also does not focus on joint associations of service process outsourcing and customer traffic with e‐retailer operations. We analyze several years of data on North American e‐retailers. We first examine factors associated with e‐retailer outsourcing levels, for front‐end and back‐end service processes. We observe customer traffic is positively associated with future outsourcing. We then examine how outsourcing moderates associations between contemporaneous customer traffic and e‐retailer operational performance, as measured by numbers of processed orders, website response times, and customer satisfaction. Results suggest outsourcing levels are associated with operational outcomes, yet surprisingly, high outsourcing and high traffic jointly may not benefit e‐retailers.     

有限信用下旅游电子商务的发展

旅游电子商务的发展与普通电子商务的发展一样遇到了信用危机，如何解决信用危机以促进旅游电子商务的发展成了一个极大的难题。在研究旅游电子商务的特殊性的基础上，分析旅游电子商务信用危机产生的原因，构建旅游电子商务的信用层次金字塔模型，探讨当旅游电子商务信用处于最低层次时的旅游电子商务发展的方法，对促进我国旅游电子商务的发展有重要意义。     

纪昀评点《文心雕龙·明诗》之辨析

包括纪昀在内的诸多注家引《诗纬·含神雾》来注释《文心雕龙·明诗》的“诗者 ,持也” ,这不无偏颇。刘勰在此处惟言“发乎情” ,并没有纪昀等人所解释的“止乎礼义”之意。另外 ,纪昀批评刘勰《明诗》篇“四言正体 ,则雅润为本 ;五言流调 ,则清丽居宗”所论是“局于六朝习径 ,未得本原” ,但他因为没有考虑到近体诗的成熟是在唐代之后 ,而对六朝时的刘勰有明显的苛求之嫌。     

网络营销及其阻滞因素分析

互联网的飞速发展,为企业营销创新——网络营销的应用提供了新的机遇,它转变了企业的营销理念,互动的市场营销理念、异质化、集中的市场营销理念、统一的、协同的营销管理理念渐趋为人们接受。然而中国的网络营销实绩甚小是一个不争的事实,因此更应从经济信用、企业信息化建设和网络安全等多方面分析其阻滞因素,在此基础上不断完善网络营销环境。     

新城疫疫苗(抗原)抗体复合物诱导鸡免疫应答

本文报道了用新城疫疫苗 (抗原 )与新城疫抗血清制备的新城疫疫苗 (抗原 )—抗体复合物诱导鸡的免疫应答反应试验。结果为 1日龄和 7日龄鸡接种新城疫灭活疫苗 (抗原 )—抗体复合物 (IV -Ab -C)和新城疫活疫苗 (抗原 )—抗体复合物 (V -Ab -C)后血凝抑制 (HI)抗体效价都很低 (3log2以下 ) ,但加强免疫一次后HI抗体效价迅速升高 ,达到 4log2以上。 1日龄接种新城疫病毒IV -Ab -C 2 8d后强毒攻击保护率达 91.6 7%— 10 0 %。以上结果表明 ,新城疫疫苗 (抗原 )—抗体复合物不能诱导 1日龄和 7日龄鸡产生好的体液免疫应答     

论电子商务法

电子商务的发展离不开电子商务立法。正确的立法离不开正确的理论的指导。然而 ,有关电子商务法的基本理论问题很少有人研究。今天看来 ,电子商务法是以电子商务过程中平等主体之间所发生的权利义务关系为调整对象的法律规范的总称。与电子商务一样 ,电子商务法也有广义、中义和狭义之分。电子商务法与电子商务立法是两个不同的范畴 ,应给予区分 ;电子商务法在理论上属于私法范畴 ,它不是一个独立的法律部门 ,而是属于民商法的范畴     

e-learning与大学生创新能力培养

e-learning是现代信息技术发展的产物 ,它是一种基于互联网的自主交互式学习系统 ,其自主学习的特点非常有利于学生创新能力的培养