美国大学校长职业变迁：一种历史的视角

大学校长在引领美国大学的发展过程中发挥着至关重要的作用。美国高等教育的发展史,也可以说是美国大学校长职业的变迁史。纵观美国高等教育发展历程,大学校长职业发展先后经历了牧师兼职型校长、学者领导型校长、专家管理型校长、职业经理型校长四个时期,并且随着社会结构和大学组织自身的变化,大学校长角色越来越向职业经理型校长转变。     

限制兼任教师与民国大学学术职业发展

民国初期,政府通过教学工作量将大学教师职业划分为专任教师和兼任教师两种类型。当时,大学盛行聘请兼任教师及专任教师在外校兼课,兼任教师和专任教师之间的区别不明显。这种现象受到了海内外学者的批评,此后,中国的学界、大学和政府逐渐限制兼任教师:学界注重构筑官职和学术职业的界限,限制大学专任教师兼任官职|大学约束本校教师外出兼课|政府限制大学聘请过多的兼任教师。到民国后期,中国大学学术职业的专任程度逐步提高。这一历程反映了大学由注重教学绩效向关注学术质量的转变。     

A Stain on the White Uniform — The Discursive Construction of Nurses' Industrial Action in the Media

This article focuses on the discursive construction of the nursing profession in the context of an industrial action. Drawing on studies that claim that the diffusion of new public management reforms restructure healthcare professions and on feminist studies arguing that gender is crucial to understanding the concepts and processes of this restructuring, the article examines a media debate surrounding a recent labour dispute in the Finnish healthcare sector. The analysis illustrates how the nursing profession was discursively constructed through a negotiation of individual and societal rights and responsibilities, and how the debate was framed by competing and contested discourses of professionalization, caring, labour markets and new public management. As a consequence, the debate both sustained and reproduced the traditional gendered meanings related to the nursing profession, as well as provided a context for unsettling, at least for a moment, the normative gender order of Finnish society.     

Confidentiality

Abstract

Confidentiality was the ethical dilemma most frequently encountered by Israeli social workers in a 1998 national survey (Linzer, Conboy and Ain, 2002). A reanalysis of survey responses found the social workers cared about preventing violations of client privacy, promoting client self-determination, and respecting client dignity, especially when challenged by: (1) public institutions' right to know, (2) limitations of protection of client communications and information, including duty to warn, (3) child and family dilemmas, (4) informed consent ambiguities, and (5) computers and technology utilization. Social workers looked to their own counsel, colleagues, and supervisor's advice and their professional code of ethics for guidance.     

高职院校会计与审计专业就业需求调查分析

为初步了解高职院校会计与审计专业的就业需求现状开展此次调查。调查对象为随机选择的用人单位。调查内容主要包括就业岗位、需求人数和薪资待遇调查,就业环境和岗位素质调查,人才供求、职业资格和人才性别调查。调查发现高职院校会计与审计专业就业需求状况处于供求基本平衡状态,据此提出了可行性建议。     

法律变迁的结构性制约——国家、市场与社会互动中的中国律师职业

对改革开放以来中国法律体系变迁根源的探讨,通常遵循国家主义的认识论,即国家意志主导甚至决定了法律体系变迁的所有方面。这种认识论虽然能够较好说明改革开放初期法律体系在中国的再造,但是未能全面把握当前的复杂情况。本文以律师职业在改革开放时期的变迁为例,利用定量数据和实证方法说明国家、市场和社会对法律体系的多重动态影响,提出法律变迁的“结构性制约”理论框架。改革开放以来中国法律体系变迁已逐步由国家主导的格局,演变成国家、市场、社会和法律体系之间相互直接和间接影响的格局。     

Demographic change and response: Social context and the practice of birth control in six countries

This paper expands on Kingsley Davis’s demographic thesis of change and response. Specifically, we consider the social context that accounts for the primacy of particular birth control methods that bring about fertility change during specific time periods. We examine the relevance of state policy (including national family planning programs), the international population establishment, the medical profession, organized religion, and women’s groups using case studies from Japan, Russia, Puerto Rico, China, India, and Cameroon. Some of these countries are undergoing the second demographic transition, others the first. Despite variations in context, heavy reliance on sterilization and/or, abortion as a means of birth control is a major response in most of these countries. The key roles of the medical profession and state policy are discussed, along with the general lack of influence of religion and of women’s groups in these countries.     

农村土地承包经营权发展分析

改革开放以来,土地承包经营权权利体系发生了深刻的变化,呈现出总体发展的轨迹,但随着经济社会不断进步,土地承包经营权面临很多新的问题,对土地承包经营权的发展提出了新的要求。本文通过对土地承包经营权发展过程以及面临问题的分析,提出土地承包经营权应该向统一的城乡土地使用权法权体系、商品性、融资性权利方向发展,农民主体应由“身份”向“职业”方向发展。     

从学术职业的学术性看高校女教师发展的现实困境

学术性是高校教师所从事的学术职业的本质属性,决定着教师在学科领域中的学术话语权及教师群体中的职业层级.高校女教师由于受社会传统观念、学校内部环境等外在因素及自己身心特点等内部因素的影响而在接受高深知识训练的程度、学术成就、学术地位、学术权利、从事学术研究的时间和机遇等方面处于不利地位,陷于学术职业发展的困境之中.要使高校女教师从学术职业发展的困境中走出来,既需要社会和高校内部为她们创设有利于发展的环境,同时也需要女教师自身的不懈努力.     

院校协作式校本课程开发与教师专业化——以香港小学常识科科学探究课为例

上世纪90年代以来,香港一直致力于教学改善.教学改善以学生的发展为终极目标,这对教师工作的专业化提出了更高的要求.教师唯有主动地在教育实践中产生一定的有创新意义的活动,才能更好地把握教育变革的脉搏.伙伴合作式校本课程开发的主旨在于通过大学研究员与教师合作,双方共同经历思考一行动一反思的过程,以促进教师专业自主性的方式优化教学.