"以往吝"衍文考

前修时贤说《蒙》卦初六爻之贞兆辞“以往吝”,歧义颇多。本文通过对《周易》古经含“往”字的句式的归纳分析,认为“以往吝”之“以”为衍文。     

On the Limitations of Redundancies in the Improvement of System Reliability

Some program managers share a common belief that adding a redundant component to a system reduces the probability of failure by half. This is true only if the failures of the redundant components are independent events, which is rarely the case. For example, the redundant components may be subjected to the same external loads. There is, however, in general a decrease in the failure probability of the system. Nonetheless, the redundant element comes at a cost, even if it is less than that of developing the first one when both are based on the same design. Identical parts save the most in terms of design costs, but are subjected to common failure modes from possible design errors that limit the effectiveness of the redundancy. In the development of critical systems, managers thus need to decide if the costs of a parallel system are justified by the increase in the system's reliability. NASA, for example, has used redundant spacecraft to increase the chances of mission success, which worked well in the cases of the Viking and Voyager missions. These two successes, however, do not guarantee future ones. We present here a risk analysis framework accounting for dependencies to support the decision to launch at the same time a twin mission of identical spacecraft, given incremental costs and risk-reduction benefits of the second one. We illustrate this analytical approach with the case of the Mars Exploration Rovers launched by NASA in 2003, for which we had performed this assessment in 2001.     

基于自由二元判决图转换的可测性优化方法

提出了一种基于自由二元判决图转换的可测性优化方法。该方法首先将电路转化为ＦＢ－ＤＤ表达形式，然后用切换单元来替换ＦＢＤＤ中的节点，以形成易测的多级网络，再通过冗余的认定和消除来达到可测性逻辑优化的目的。与以前的可测性设计方法相比，这种方法适用于任意电路，特别是规模较大、不能用两级逻辑表达的电路     

网络教学系统题库中文本型题目冗余的解决方案

针对网络教学支持系统中作业管理模块存在的题库冗余问题,本文以处理题库中文本型题目冗余为例,提出了一种解决方案.分析题目的语义结构,并对题干进行关键字分解,用匹配算法检查题目是否重复,并设计具体算法.     

How a System Backfires: Dynamics of Redundancy Problems in Security

Increasing attention is being paid to reliability, safety, and security issues in social systems. Scott Sagan examined why more security forces (a redundancy solution) may lead to less security.⁽ 1 ⁾ He discussed how such a solution can backfire due to three major issues (i.e., “common‐mode error,”“social shirking,” and “overcompensation”). In this article, using Sagan's hypotheses, we simulate and analyze a simple and generic security system as more guards are added to the system. Simulation results support two of Sagan's hypotheses. More specifically, the results show that “common‐mode error” causes the system to backfire, and “social shirking” leads to an inefficient system while exacerbating the common‐mode error's effect. Simulation results show that “overcompensation” has no effect of backfiring, but it leads the system to a critical state in which it can easily be affected by the common‐mode error. Furthermore, the simulation results make us question the importance of the initial power of adversaries (e.g., terrorists) as the results show that, for any exogenous level of adversary power, the system endogenously overcompensates to a level that makes the system more susceptible to being attacked.     

新常态视角下装备制造业技术效率研究

新常态下提质增效是装备制造业发展的新模式。通过突破传统投入指标,引入能源指标,更全面、客观地反映装备制造业全行业和子行业技术效率与投入冗余的实际水平。以辽宁省为例进行实证分析,结果表明:通过引入能源指标的DEA技术效率测算值反映出普遍存在子行业的纯技术效率高于规模效率现象,但辽宁省装备制造业全行业技术效率仍是非DEA有效; 纯技术效率值为1的子行业,投入冗余差值比均为0; 金属制造业是七个子行业中技术效率和投入冗余表现最差的行业,而通信制造业表现最好。该研究进一步客观地展现各子行业资源利用及投入冗余的差异。     

《训诂学初稿》引文辨误(上)

本文指出了《训诂学初稿》一书中存在的衍文、脱文、讹文、出处误等四类引文错误,并对它们进行了辨正。     

浅析翻译中的简约问题

和作文一样 ,翻译也讲究简洁。本文试图从语言拖沓和情感逾矩两方面去探讨冗余的原因和对策 ,着重就汉英两种语言特有的简约倾向进行了试探性分析     

冗余话语的表现形式

本文主要从信息的复现和信息的蕴涵两个方面探讨了冗余话语在言辞语境中的表现形式,并指出其相应的功能。在谈论信息复现的表现形式时,指出某些形式相同的话语由于其信息内涵的不同,在定义时应该区别于一般的冗余话语。     

组织冗余资源的研究进展述评

国内关于冗余资源的系统研究还十分鲜见,这不利于人们对冗余资源的深入理解,更难以使经理人员通过充分利用冗余资源来提高企业的绩效。基于组织冗余资源的研究进展从内涵界定、基本类别、冗余来源、价值特征等方面进行了梳理和评价,并对组织冗余资源的未来研究提出了展望。