Home and away: the residential care, education and control of children in historical and political context

Children — particularly adolescent boys — may be placed residentially by a variety of agencies in Britain, and there is a strong tradition among the upper middle classes of boarding at private fee-paying schools. The number of children involved, however, is diminishing, though this is as much caused by shorter stays as fewer admissions. The factors influencing this decline in residence vary from sector to sector. However, the emergence of viable alternatives to residence and the increased readiness of potential customers to exercise choice in the placement of their children is a common thread.     

适应社会需求创新教学方法--居住建筑教育改革探索

居住建筑是建筑学专业的一门专业主干课.根据当前教学中的一些问题和授课经验,在居住建筑的教学内容、教学方法、教学手段等方面进行改革探讨,使学生在实践性的课程中,其设计综合能力有较大提高,从而培养适应社会需求的建筑人才.     

近年来美国黑人的郊区化与居住区隔离

美国黑人向郊区迁移,是20世纪70年代以来一个引人注目的新趋势。它在多大程度上有助于种族矛盾的缓解,是美国学术界所关注的、也最有争议的研究课题之一。黑人郊区化在美国已成为一个规律性现象,但与其他少数民族动向相比,还有一定差距。迁往郊区后,除部分中上层黑人外,大部分黑人仍聚居在一起,形成新的以居住区隔离为主要特征的"隔都"。这一状况既是解决黑人问题的机遇,又是对美国郊区,乃至整个社会构成的新挑战。     

Segregation,ethnic labour market and the occupational expectations of Palestinian students in Israel

Using data from a large national representative survey of Palestinian high school students in Israel, this study examines the effect of the local labour market and the internal ethnic/religious segregation between Muslims, Christians and Druze, on students' occupational expectations. The data, which were collected in spring 1997, consisted of two types, these being data regarding students, and data regarding schools. The findings show that despite the disadvantages of the Palestinian minority as a whole within Israeli society, students tend to develop high occupational expectations. While the general level of their expectations can be explained by their educational and residential segregation from the Jewish majority, the multi-level analyses suggests that the internal segregation facilitates differential access to socio-economic resources, which generate different levels of occupational expectations between students from various ethnic/religious groups. More specifically, the findings demonstrate that the social and economic differences between Muslims, Christians and Druze are playing a central role in determining students' expectations, acting as a mechanism to preserve social inequality. The gender dimension of the occupational expectations and the influence of die segregation between Palestinian and Jewish students, are also discussed.     

Moving and Children's Social Connections: Neighborhood Context and the Consequences of Moving for Low-Income Families

Using data from an experimental housing relocation program, this research compares social connections of children in families that move with those of similar children who do not move. Qualitative interview data are used to examine what factors influence the formation of social connections after moving. Results show the impact of moving on children's social connections is influenced by neighborhood context, financial resources, and children's age at the time of the move. Studies of moving during childhood need to pay closer attention to the factors that influence where, when, and why families move.     

改革开放40年中国农村宅基地管理政策演进与前瞻——基于宅基地相关政策的文本分析

宅基地制度改革是农村土地制度改革的重要组成部分,对于保障广大农民的财产权益及释放、激发农村活力具有重要意义。运用文本分析法,以国家层面出台的52份农村宅基地制度相关政策文本为样本,以“政策意图”为切入点,分析改革开放以来,不同时期国家对宅基地的定位以及宅基地管理政策制定的核心目的,剖析政策调整的内在逻辑及其发展规律。研究结果表明,改革开放40年以来,农村宅基地管理政策意图展现出巩固社会主义公有制—加强与规范管理—保护农民财产权利的演化路径。依此路径,未来中国农村宅基地的财产价值将愈发显化,国家将以农村宅基地制度改革为着力点,增加农民财产性收入,拓展农民增收空间。     

上海城市居住空间分异的社会学研究*

随着中国社会经济转型，当前中国大城市居住空间正呈现重构与分异的演变趋势。本文以上海为例，首先，分析了上海商品住宅的空间分异格局及成因；其次，从宏观、中观和微观三个层面分析了上海居住空间分异的态势；然后，探讨了城市居住空间分异的社会效应；最后，对当前中国大城市居住空间分异与重构的演变态势进行一定的思考。     

Cognitive-behavioural interventions for adolescents in residential child care in Scotland: an examination of practice and lessons from research

This paper sets out to examine the basis and use of cognitive‐behavioural interventions with adolescents in residential child care. The paper outlines the results of a survey of the use of cognitive‐behavioural interventions in Scotland. The survey indicates that such interventions are used widely in residential schools and secure units in Scotland. The paper then reviews some of the studies relating to cognitive‐behavioural interventions, which appear to be most relevant to residential child care. The review revealed many of the positive outcomes of cognitive‐behavioural interventions. However, there are some cautionary notes highlighted by the survey and the review. These relate to issues about generalization of learning and the meaning of the intervention for the young person and for the staff. The paper discusses the importance of other factors in determining the success of cognitive‐behavioural interventions. These factors include the importance of accurate assessment, the role of staff training and the need to ensure that interventions are always in the best interests of the child.     

Is home care a realistic alternative to residential care among institutionalized elderly people in Finland?

The high rate of institutionalization among elderly people in Finland is widely discussed among policy-makers. We studied how realistic the wishes for deinstitutionalization are among the least sick elderly people in residential care, and what patient characteristics predict whether residential care is appropriate. This issue was assessed by the residential home personnel. Personnel assessment of institutional care as appropriate was mainly explained by patients' needing help with medication, limitations in activities of daily living, absence of own home to return to, no living children, incontinence, and poor vision. Discharging elderly people from long-term residential care back to society is limited by factors such as inadequate housing and shortage of domiciliary and rehabilitative services, as well as by attitudes among the institutionalized elderly people themselves. It seems more realistic to prevent the inappropriate institutionalization of elderly people than to discharge the small numbers of fairly independent individuals already in residential homes.     

Breakdown of teenage placements in Swedish foster and residential care

This article deals with the problem of breakdown in different types of out‐of‐home care (foster care/residential care) for Swedish teenagers. How often are such placements prematurely terminated against the wishes and intentions of child welfare authorities? Which factors appear to increase or decrease the risk of placement breakdown? The sample consists of a national cohort of 776 youths who started 922 placements during 1991. Every placement was followed in municipal case files for a maximum period of five years. Between 30 and 37% of all placements were prematurely terminated, the exact figure depending on whether a narrow or wide definition of breakdown was applied. The lowest rates of breakdown were found in kinship care and secure units, the highest in non‐kinship foster homes. Teenagers who display antisocial behaviour and/or have mental health problems constitute a high‐risk category for most types of out‐of‐home care, but especially in non‐kinship foster homes. Risk factors in relation to breakdown were analysed in the four main forms of Swedish out‐of‐home care separately (foster homes, privately/publicly run residential care and secure units). The analysis pointed out that risk factors are not the same in all types of care, but antisocial behaviour at time of placement increased the risk in most forms of care. Prior research indicates that placement breakdown is a major problem of child welfare in other countries, and this study found that Sweden is no exception.