草木本有心,何求美人折——为《青海民族研究》公开发行20周年而作

回顾<青海民族研究>成长的历程,阐述她的学术品格、特色和优势,展望她的发展前景和趋势,提出加强编辑力量、提高编辑水平的建议.     

Nominal comparability is not enough: (In-)equivalence of construct validity of cross-national measures of educational attainment in the European Social Survey

Educational attainment is a core social background variable covered in each and every survey of individuals. Since educational institutions and qualifications are difficult to compare across countries, cross-national surveys pose a particular challenge to the measurement of educational attainment. This study performs a comparative construct validation of a number of cross-national measures of education using the European Social Survey. The measures comprise two versions of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED), the education scheme developed in the project ‘Comparative Analysis of Social Mobility in Industrial Nations’ (CASMIN) and hypothetical as well as actual years of education. The first ISCED measure corresponds to the well-known main ISCED levels. The second one, the European Survey Version of ISCED (ES-ISCED) developed for this study, represents an effort to reflect different types of education within levels of education by considering ISCED sub-dimensions, most importantly ‘programme orientation’. Using linear regression models, it is shown how much explanatory power educational attainment loses when different cross-national variables are used, as compared to country-specific educational attainment variables (CSEVs), and how these losses vary across measures and countries. The dependent variable used for the construct validation is social status as measured by the International Socio-Economic Index (ISEI). Results suggest that harmonisation always entails some loss of explanatory power for at least a few countries. However, there are clear performance differences between the comparable measures in terms of both the average amount of losses as well as the distribution of losses across countries. The use of actual years of education as well as the levels-only ISCED strongly attenuates the education-social status association on average, but also to very different degrees across countries. CASMIN and ES-ISCED fare considerably better: they show the lowest losses of explanatory power and the lowest variation of losses across countries. Hypothetical years of education lie in between. Some practical implications are then proposed, e.g. on how to implement cross-national measures of educational attainment in international surveys.     

论中国人口逆淘汰：驳斥一个伪命题

本文对中国人口（素质）逆淘汰问题进行定性和定量的分析,认为不能简单的以城乡生育率的差异去考量人口的整体素质变化。人口的整体素质变动是一个动态的过程,以静态的、封闭的人口观点去看待人口素质问题必然得出与事实不相符合的结论。把城镇、农村人口当作两个封闭的群体。同时忽视农村人口素质快速提升的的现实,得出的中国人口逆淘汰的结论必然是一个伪命题。     

Family caregivers of the elderly: quality of life and coping in Estonia

The purpose of the study was to analyse the assessments of elderly people aged 65 and more about family caregiving as a factor influencing their quality of life and coping. The study is based on the project SUFACARE—‘Supporting family carers and care receivers in Estonia and in Finland’—in the framework of which the Institute of Social Work of Tallinn University carried out postal surveys in 2010. The Estonian survey was conducted in Tallinn and Lääne-Viru County. The total number of respondents was 581 (70% female and 30% male), of whom 98 (n=74 female and n=24 male) were family caregivers. Caregiving has not influenced the physical and mental health of caregivers, the reason being that many people who receive care are not of very ill health or suffer from dementia. People mostly take care of their spouses. Based on the Estonian Family Law Act (RT I 2009, 60, 395), adult descendants are required to provide maintenance if their relatives are not able to care for themselves. Caregivers whose health is below average consider caring to be physically demanding. We cannot speak of the social isolation of respondents who have care duties—they communicate actively and do not feel lonely. Women report caregiving to be physically strenuous more often than men. The mental health of male caregivers is better—fewer male respondents claimed to feel unhappy or depressed compared to female respondents.     

习近平的人民群众观

人民群众观是马克思主义唯物史观的基本观点,也是马克思主义政党与群众关系的理论基石。党的十八大以来,习近平总书记围绕党的群众路线教育实践活动发表了一系列重要论述,提出了许多新思想、新观点、新论断和新举措,诠释了当代中国马克思主义群众观的精髓要义：人民幸福是中国共产党的奋斗目标,人民群众是中国共产党力量的源泉,密切联系群众是中国共产党立于不败之地的根基。习近平的人民群众观,彰显了中国共产党“以人为本、执政为民”的执政理念,丰富了马克思主义群众观的理论内涵,为马克思主义执政党建设做出了新贡献。     

有秩序的和谐社会——爱因斯坦的社会观

爱因斯坦是20世纪最伟大的物理学家和哲学家,他所创立的科学理论深刻地改变了人类的宇宙观,他对社会的认识和理解也思想深邃、见解独到。爱因斯坦的社会观,不仅深受他的个人经历和科学思想的影响,而且与他的哲学思想有着直接的关系,是他的宇宙宗教的上帝概念在社会领域中的自然延伸。因此,爱因斯坦是在他的宇宙宗教“上帝”概念的基础上,为了避免和消除他所经历和感受到的种种社会不幸,主张构建一个“有秩序的和谐”社会。这种有秩序的和谐社会,具体表现为“和谐的人”和“健康的社会”的统一。在爱因斯坦的社会观中,既有真知灼见,也有时代局限和主观失误。     

Division of Labor,Gender Ideology,and Marital Satisfaction in East Asia

Using data from the 2006 Family Module of the East Asian Social Survey (N = 3,096), this article examines associations of marital satisfaction with divisions of housework and gender ideology in four East Asian societies: urban China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. Compared with Japanese and Korean married women and men, Chinese and Taiwanese spouses were more satisfied with their marriage and had more egalitarian divisions of housework, but simultaneously they held less egalitarian gender ideologies. Multivariate analyses showed that relative share of housework was negatively associated with marital satisfaction for Japanese and Korean men and for Korean and Taiwanese women. Egalitarian gender ideology was significantly associated with lower marital satisfaction only among Taiwanese women. In addition, the negative association between housework and marital satisfaction was more pronounced for Taiwanese women who espoused more egalitarian gender ideologies. The authors discuss how differences in macro‐level social contexts explain these cross‐society variations.     

Quality of work and job satisfaction: comparing female part-time work in four European countries

Adding to the debate on the integrative or marginalizing nature of female part-time work, this article provides a comparative analysis of the implications of female part-time work for different intrinsic job quality dimensions and job satisfaction. Drawing on national micro-data from Britain, Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden, our multivariate analyses show cross-national similarities in terms of lower job learning opportunities for female part-timers. We found a significantly higher incidence of repetitiveness only among Swedish female part-timers and lower degrees of task discretion among British, Dutch, and Swedish women working part-time hours. Female part-timers were either equally satisfied with their work as female full-timers or even more satisfied. This held true also after accounting for the lower intrinsic job quality of part-time work. While women working part-time hours were as affected by their job quality characteristics as were full-timers, we conclude that the shorter hours of work per se provide an important additional source of job satisfaction.     

Challenges Experienced at Age 100: Findings From the Fordham Centenarian Study

ABSTRACT

This article examines the challenges experienced by very old individuals and their consequences for well-being and mental health. In order to capture unique issues experienced in very old age, 75 participants of the population-based Fordham Centenarian Study answered open-ended questions on everyday challenges. Theme-based coding was then used to categorize and quantify responses. The challenges mentioned most often were challenges faced in the functional (e.g., physical health/activities of daily living restrictions, mobility, sensory impairment), psychological (e.g., loss of well-liked activity, dependency, negative emotions, death), and social (e.g., family loss) life domains. Functional challenges were negatively associated with aging satisfaction and positively associated with loneliness. Psychological challenges were positively linked to aging satisfaction. Social challenges were marginally related to loneliness. Notably, challenges were not related to depression. In conclusion, the challenges experienced in very old age are multidimensional and multifaceted, unique in nature, and have differential relations to mental health. Functional, psychological, and social challenges affect very old individuals’ lives and therefore need to be better understood and addressed. Given their consequences, it is imperative for policy makers to develop an awareness for the different types of challenges faced by centenarians, as there may be unique policy implications related to each.     

基于“翻转课堂”的大学生信息素质教育设计研究

翻转课堂是一种以学生学习为中心的新型教学方法,通过"翻转课堂"和"传统课堂"的优势比较可知,大学生信息素质教育非常适合这一教学方法,并对"翻转课堂"进行了以学生为中心,以活动为导向的教学设计。