空间数据分析的发展

空间统计学是研究空间问题的一门学科,它是应用数学快速发展的一个分支。尽管传统的数据分析中有许多很好的方法,但却不能完全地套用于空间数据的分析。空间模型的估计不仅与各种回归形式的假设有关,而且还与空间相关、空间异质的特性有关。从空间模型及推断、适应性估计、非参数回归、空间不相关性检验几个方面研究了空间数据分析方法的发展以及未来的趋势。     

Likelihood Inference for Unions of Interacting Discs

Abstract. This is probably the first paper which discusses likelihood inference for a random set using a germ‐grain model, where the individual grains are unobservable, edge effects occur and other complications appear. We consider the case where the grains form a disc process modelled by a marked point process, where the germs are the centres and the marks are the associated radii of the discs. We propose to use a recent parametric class of interacting disc process models, where the minimal sufficient statistic depends on various geometric properties of the random set, and the density is specified with respect to a given marked Poisson model (i.e. a Boolean model). We show how edge effects and other complications can be handled by considering a certain conditional likelihood. Our methodology is illustrated by analysing Peter Diggle's heather data set, where we discuss the results of simulation‐based maximum likelihood inference and the effect of specifying different reference Poisson models.     

Practical Maximum Pseudolikelihood for Spatial Point Patterns(with Discussion)

This paper describes a technique for computing approximate maximum pseudolikelihood estimates of the parameters of a spatial point process. The method is an extension of Berman & Turner's (1992) device for maximizing the likelihoods of inhomogeneous spatial Poisson processes. For a very wide class of spatial point process models the likelihood is intractable, while the pseudolikelihood is known explicitly, except for the computation of an integral over the sampling region. Approximation of this integral by a finite sum in a special way yields an approximate pseudolikelihood which is formally equivalent to the (weighted) likelihood of a loglinear model with Poisson responses. This can be maximized using standard statistical software for generalized linear or additive models, provided the conditional intensity of the process takes an 'exponential family' form. Using this approach a wide variety of spatial point process models of Gibbs type can be fitted rapidly, incorporating spatial trends, interaction between points, dependence on spatial covariates, and mark information.     

国际大都市与北京市人口疏解政策评述及借鉴

随着城市化进程的加快,北京进入了城市人口快速膨胀的时期,带来了道路交通拥堵、环境污染加重、资源过度消耗等一系列城市问题。本文总结了东京、首尔、香港、纽约和巴黎等国际大都市人口疏导政策,这些政策包括：产业转移带动人口转移;快速交通建设扩大人口分布和职业通勤范围;卫星城、次中心城区的住宅规划吸纳人口;公共资源分配向郊区倾斜,完善配套基础设施;防止低效益的传统第三产业过度膨胀。北京市现有的人口疏解政策可以分为产业调控类、资源调节类、驱出限入类和行政协商类,各有优势和劣势。在经济结构转型的战略背景下,北京市人口调控需要一个包括产业规划、建设规划、人口管理和政府推动的综合人口调控体系。     

A Bayesian latent spatial model for mapping the cortical signature of progression to Alzheimer's disease

Prior studies have shown that atrophy in vulnerable cortical regions is associated with an increased risk of progression to clinical dementia. In this work, we utilize the longitudinal structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) to investigate the relationship between the temporally changing spatial topography of cortical thickness and conversion from mild cognitive impairment to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We develop a novel Bayesian latent spatial model that employs the spatial information underlying the thickness effects across the cortical surface. The proposed method facilitates the development of imaging markers by reliably quantifying and mapping the regional vulnerability to AD progression across the cortical surface. Simulation results showed substantial gains in statistical power and estimation performance by accounting for the spatial structure of the association. Using MRI data from ADNI, we examined the topographic patterns of anatomic regions where cortical thinning is associated with an increased risk of developing AD.     

工业化城镇化对农民增收影响的空间计量分析——基于安徽省县域数据

基于2000-2010年安徽省县域农民人均纯收入数据,利用探索性空间数据分析方法测度农民收入空间相关性和局部集聚空间格局演变,分别建立2000年、2005年和2010年农民收入空间杜宾模型和空间滞后模型,研究工业化城镇化发展对农民增收的影响程度及变化趋势。研究结果表明:安徽农村居民收入存在明显的地域差异,呈正的空间自相关性,低收入集聚区沿安徽西侧边境向西南和西北部转移,高收入集聚区沿皖江城市带从苏皖边境向皖中地区扩张;空间计量模型能够分离出收入空间溢出效应,避免经典回归对工业化城镇化影响程度的高估;工业化发展促进农民增收作用增强,但可能出现虹吸效应;不完全的城镇化发展对农民增收作用减弱,应发挥其扩散效应;农业现代化促进农民增收效果不明显。     

Causes of Increasing Ages at Marriage: An International Regression Study

Abstract

The mean age at marriage is increasing in nearly all regions of the world, with the gender age difference at marriage tending to decrease. Five hypotheses for these trends (economic modernization, supply and demand, social/cultural/religious influences, healthcare quality, and longevity risk sharing) are tested through cross-country regression analyses of the timing and prevalence of marriage, using 40 explanatory variables from 156 countries. The dependent variables are female mean age at marriage, gender age difference, and proportion of females married by age 20-24. Ample evidence of the impact of economic modernization and education is found. The influence of cultural beliefs is evidenced by the presence of religious variables in several selected regression equations.     

Bayesian spatial quantile regression for areal count data,with application on substitute care placements in Texas

Quantile regression (QR) allows one to model the effect of covariates across the entire response distribution, rather than only at the mean, but QR methods have been almost exclusively applied to continuous response variables and without considering spatial effects. Of the few studies that have performed QR on count data, none have included random spatial effects, which is an integral facet of the Bayesian spatial QR model for areal counts that we propose. Additionally, we introduce a simplifying alternative to the response variable transformation currently employed in the QR for counts literature. The efficacy of the proposed model is demonstrated via simulation study and on a real data application from the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services (TDFPS). Our model outperforms a comparable non-spatial model in both instances, as evidenced by the deviance information criterion (DIC) and coverage probabilities. With the TDFPS data, we identify one of four covariates, along with the intercept, as having a nonconstant effect across the response distribution.     

基于同城化视角的人口空间动态与区域经济发展耦合关联机理研究

人口空间动态与区域经济发展的耦合关系是同城化区域间共同面对的重要课题。本文在解构人口空间动态维度主体的基础上,将人口空间动态的诉求机制与动因机理架构于更低交易费用的利益诉求之上,解析人口空间动态的模式选择,深入探讨人口空间动态与区域经济发展的耦合关联性。在此基础上,提出引导人口流动与合理分布的策略。研究成果将有助于更好地理解同城化态势下人口空间演变的动因机理,为同城区域的经济发展、城市规划、文化交融等方面的科学设计提供重要参考。     

1990—2010年长三角地区城市体系的演进——基于人口普查数据的研究

集聚经济和专业化是主导区域城市体系演进的两股主要力量,但二者对区域城市体系中不同城市的增长速度有着不同的影响.前者促进中心城市的发展,而后者主要是促进外围城市的发展.文章使用“四普”、“五普”和“六普”数据资料研究发现,尽管长三角各城市的规模都有了很大的提高,但城市体系内部总体上呈现出扁平化趋势,中小城市发展速度相对更快.这表明,专业化分工是促进长三角城市体系的主要动力.