生活质量主观指标的发展及其研究

生活质量主要体现为客观指标和主观指标。包含人们对生活的幸福感体验与满意度的主面指标在发达国家和地区广泛流行,真正体现了以人为本的发展观。生活质量主观指标起源于20世纪初的美国,并在80年代以后逐渐趋于成熟。一些国际组织都采用了主观指标或建立了自己的指标体系来衡量一个国家或地区的生活质量。作为主观指标发源地的美国,在其研究与应用上一直处于世界领先地位,欧洲一些国家紧随其后,亚洲也开始了对人全面关怀的步伐。     

英美董事的注意义务及其对我国的立法启示

英美法律对于董事注意义务及其判断标准做了比较严格的规定,而我国公司法却对董事的注意义务的规定付之阙如。在修订《公司法》时,应当借鉴英美国家在董事注意义务方面的规定,根据我国的立法现状与现有国情,适当引入主客观结合的判断标准和经营判断准则。     

红-蓝主观色:规律验证

用设计的角星形纸盘,验证了以扇形为材料的实验中所得现象和规律,结果表明:两个实验中的大多现象和规律都是一致的,但本研究中也出现了不明显的黄、绿等主观颜色,并且主观辐条数与客观辐条数的成“自然数”的倍数关系。     

Labor Economics Mincer-Style: A Personal Reflection

Between 1957 and 1974 Jacob Mincer pioneered important new approaches to labor economics. In the years since these seminal discoveries, he, as well as generations of his students and colleagues at Columbia University and elsewhere, adopted these innovations to reach important conclusions about human well-being. In 1967 I was lucky enough to arrive as a graduate student at Columbia University, just at the peak of this research revolution. In this paper, I detail some of my recollections concerning Jacob Mincer and the hospitable research atmosphere at Columbia University that sparked so much of this path-breaking research.     

论实践和价值的关系

实践的观点是马克思主义价值学说的基本观点。实践是价值要素生成的基础,价值的基本要素都是在实践基础上生成的;实践是价值创造的源泉,只有实践活动才能创造出各种价值;实践还是实现人的价值的根本途径,人的客体性价值和主体性价值只有通过实践活动才能实现。     

Class and comparison: subjective social location and lay experiences of constraint and mobility

Lay perceptions and experiences of social location have been commonly framed with reference to social class. However, complex responses to, and ambivalence over, class categories have raised interesting analytic questions relating to how sociological concepts are operationalized in empirical research. For example, prior researchers have argued that processes of class dis‐identification signify moral unease with the nature of classed inequalities, yet dis‐identification may also in part reflect a poor fit between ‘social class’ as a category and the ways in which people accord meaning to, and evaluate, their related experiences of socio‐economic inequality. Differently framed questions about social comparison, aligned more closely with people's own terms of reference, offer an interesting alternative avenue for exploring subjective experiences of inequality. This paper explores some of these questions through an analysis of new empirical data, generated in the context of recession. In the analysis reported here, class identification was common. Nevertheless, whether or not people self identified in class terms, class relevant issues were perceived and described in highly diverse ways, and lay views on class revealed it to be a very aggregated as well as multifaceted construct. It is argued that it enables a particular, not general, perspective on social comparison. The paper therefore goes on to examine how study participants compared themselves with familiar others, identified by themselves. The evidence illuminates social positioning in terms of constraint, agency and (for some) movement, and offers insight into very diverse experiences of inequality, through the comparisons that people made. Their comparisons are situated, and pragmatic, accounts of the material contexts in which people live their lives. Linked evaluations are circumscribed and strongly tied to these proximate material contexts.The paper draws out implications for theorizing lay perspectives on class, and subjective experiences of inequality.     

Building aid workers’ resilience: why a gendered approach is needed

The concept of resilience is increasingly earning attention in development and humanitarian literature. Agencies and organisations are interested to learn about resilient communities, and keen to support the goal of ‘building resilience’ in developing countries. However, there is comparatively little interest in the resilience of aid workers themselves. This article will discuss the need to support aid workers to build resilience, for their own well-being and also for the effectiveness and sustainability of the essential humanitarian and development work they do. It will advocate for the need of embracing a gender-focused approach in the study of aid workers’ resilience, and more generally, in the study and promotion of aid workers’ well-being. The article draws on a qualitative study which found international women aid workers face specific stressors within the organisations they work for, in working relationships with national staff, and in their personal life. Humanitarian and development organisations need to adopt a gender-focused approach to resilience in the provision of psychosocial support for staff working in development, and emergency relief/humanitarian aid.     

Mastery-approach and mastery-avoidance goals and their relation with exhaustion and engagement at work: The roles of emotional and instrumental support

The results of two cross-sectional studies (N = 220 and N = 258) indicate that employees' work-related mastery-approach goals (i.e. the striving to improve one's performance at work) were positively associated with work engagement. Further, this relationship is explained by high levels of instrumental support. In contrast, employees' work-related mastery-avoidance goals (i.e. the striving to avoid performing worse than one aspires to) are positive predictors of job detachment and fatigue. The relationships between mastery-avoidance goals and these detrimental work outcomes are explained by low levels of perceived emotional support. Altogether, these results suggest that workers with mastery-approach goals tend to invest in their social work environment by establishing instrumental exchange relationships. Such relationships are considered functional for task performance and explain the positive relationship with work engagement. Employees who hold mastery-avoidance goals, on the other hand, tend to withdraw from the social structure of the workplace which explains the negative relationship with emotional support. In turn, given the lack of emotional support, psychological detachment and fatigue may emerge. These results are discussed in relation to the surging interest in the social mechanisms that result from the pursuit of achievement goals.     

Skill utilization and well-being: a cross-level story of day-to-day fluctuations and personal intrinsic values

The opportunity to use one's skills at work is an important prerequisite for employee well-being. Drawing on self-determination and person-environment fit theory, this diary study aims to add to our understanding of this important phenomenon in two ways. Firstly, we examine the associations of within-subject daily variations in skill utilization with well-being. Secondly, we model work value orientation as a between-subject factor that moderates this within-subject relationship. Specifically, we advocate that daily skill utilization is more beneficial (in terms of more daily work engagement and less daily emotional exhaustion) for employees holding predominantly intrinsic (i.e. self-development, community contribution) as opposed to extrinsic (i.e. financial success, status) values. Results of multilevel modelling using diary data from 99 service workers over five working days, supported the assumption that daily skill utilization was positively related to daily work engagement, particularly among employees holding a predominantly intrinsic work value orientation. Contrary to our expectations, daily skill utilization was unrelated to daily exhaustion, both for employees holding high and low intrinsic values. The discussion highlights the importance of, and employees’ receptiveness to, variations in beneficial working conditions.     

短缩的二行为犯“目的”的体系归属及其共犯问题探究

在我国刑法中实质的故意概念之下,短缩的二行为犯中的“目的”无法纳入到故意之中,是和故意并列的主观要素。短缩的二行为犯中的“目的”应例外地被承认为主观的违法要素。短缩的二行为犯的共犯问题应依据客观违法论“违法是客观连带的,责任是主观个别的”的基本立场加以解决。