法律分析中的逻辑规范

现代法治理念要求,法律人在理解与适用法律的过程中,应当谙熟一定的法律分析技能,客观理性地展示依法断案的法律分析过程。逻辑是实现法律理性的技术性手段,法律理性的实现离不开逻辑的指导和规范。法律分析中,逻辑不仅可以为法律理性的实现提供形式上的规范,而且还可以为法律理性的实现提供理性论证的平台。法律分析的理性特点要求,法律人在理解与适用法律时必须遵循人类思维的逻辑规律与规则,掌握基本的逻辑思维方法。     

“人类命运共同体”语境下国际法价值理性的增进

国际法在长期的实践当中存在着价值理性弱化的困境,价值理性的趋弱使得国际社会忽视国际法在国际治理中的地位,人类命运共同体理念的出世为国际法价值理性的增进带来曙光。当前人类命运共同体理念已初具影响力,国内政策报告已有初步的系统阐述,该理念在联合国决议中多次出现,表明人类命运共同体在为国际法提供"价值指向"方面有极大的发展潜力。人类命运共同体语言系统中的诸多表述对于国际法价值理性的增进皆有启示意义,从内部形态塑造来看,该理念对于"善治"价值中的"合法性""善意遵守"皆有指导性的表述,从外部环境改良来看,该理念可与"合作"价值下的风险防范、角色定位两方面相联结。为确立具备可操作性的国际法价值理性增进路径,中国、国际组织乃至全球国家都需要扮演好相应的角色,为在人类命运共同体指引下增进国际法的价值理性而努力。     

帕菲特道德哲学之基石：理由与合理性

帕菲特的道德哲学是在规范并分析“理由”和“合理性”概念的基础上展开的,其理论“大厦”是在“理由”和“合理性”基石上建立起来的。帕菲特认为,人是宇宙唯一的能够回应理由的理性存在。我们应该接受某些基于价值的、客观的理论,行为的理由从那些给予我们理由去拥有欲望或目标的事实中获取力量。实践合理性与认识论的合理性的关键区分,在于对实践理由的自发回应和对认识论的理由的非自发回应。     

新闻商品化中的合理性分析

新闻商品化是一个不可否认的历史事实,新闻作为一种特殊的商品,其商品化有其合理性,这种合理性主要表现为：传媒二次销售揭示了新闻商品化的复杂过程;新闻生产交换环节中体现了商品化;新闻商品化实行的是等价交换的原则;新闻作为一种精神产品,新闻商品化可以促进人类精神文明的进步。     

1978年以来中国改革成功的原因探究——有限理性政府试错式改革与满意实现

实现改革过程中经济社会的平稳和发展即满意,需要政府的合理抉择;而政府的有限理性则决定了合理的政府抉择必须是一个基于解决问题,采取合适试错方式的改革过程。解决问题要求政府通过信息分析,准确诊断社会状况,提出事前能为社会接受的改革方案。合适试错式改革要求有限理性政府通过试错式改革平衡社会发展和稳定的动态要求,掌握改革主导权。就迄今为止的中国改革而言,由于政府在试错式改革过程中牢牢把握住了发展、改革和稳定三位一体的执政理念,时刻注意自己的抉择与经济社会的协调,从而能比较满意地实现改革目标。     

关于中国农民经济理性的纷争

纯粹理性对任何经济主体都是一种经济假说。由于农民所处的特殊环境 ,传统的观点认为农民是缺乏理性的 ,这种观点在国际上受到舒尔茨、塔克斯等理性论者的批判。中国自然经济历程较长 ,农民受传统文化影响较深 ,非理性的特征应该更为明显 ,但实证性研究材料表明 ,农民甚至包括贫困农户的经济行为仍然是理性的。当然 ,农民经济行为是否理性的争论还在继续     

Building inclusion,maintaining marginality: how social and health services act as capital for young substance users

This paper draws on Bourdieusian concepts to examine the social mechanisms driving service ‘choices’ for marginalised young substance users. In doing so, it problematises the individualised understandings of ‘choice-making’ common in the existing literature. The paper uses interview data collected from 26 young substance users to describe the resources they bring to their service encounters, the capitals that they acquire through these interactions, and the ways in which these are mobilised within the fields in which they operate. The analysis finds that services acted as capital-building settings – participants acquired material resources and opportunities for skill-building, and they built relationships that contributed to a positive sense of identity and belonging. But the exchange potentials attached to these capitals were restricted by the logics of service fields that cast them as deficit and limited their opportunities to build productive forms of social capital. By revealing the social mechanisms behind service ‘choices’, the analysis suggests that the most effective services are those that maximise the opportunities for their young clients to build ‘weak ties’, such as with a diverse range of adults who themselves possess resources, and those that acknowledge the identities that young people already possess as rational and self-managing.     

Does the Role of Student Factors with Adolescent Substance Use Vary by Geography?

This study assesses the association of 12th-grade student factors (e.g., grades, classroom misbehaviors) with substance use (i.e., binge drinking, cigarette smoking, marijuana) across large, medium-sized, and nonmetropolitan areas. Based on a sample of 2,189 students from the 2013 Monitoring the Future data set, logistic regression analyses showed that poor student academic and behavioral factors were associated with higher substance use after controlling for gender, race, and socioeconomic status. Interaction analyses further showed no significant differences in the influence of student factors on substance use across locales. Results suggest that prevention efforts against substance use should target student factors regardless of area of residency.     

Relearning to Live Life Without Substances: A Grounded Theory of the Impact of Group Physical Exercise on Sobriety

Research has found significant benefits in using exercise as an adjunct treatment for substance use. This study used a qualitative grounded theory approach to explore the role of group exercise on maintaining sobriety. Sixteen persons (13 White men and 3 White women, age M = 31.81, SD = 8.23), recruited from a substance use recovery group that meets at a gym in an urban area in the Southeast part of the United States, were individually interviewed. Data were analyzed using Charmaz’s (2006) constructivist grounded theory strategies. Central themes revealed a parallel process between the steps taken to seek sobriety and those taken to maintain sobriety. The driving forces of sobriety success in both was 12 steps and group exercise programming that included elements of mentorship, structure, accountability, and fellowship or community. This study supported the use of physical group exercise as an adjunct treatment option for substance use treatment.     

Variations in the Life Histories of Incarcerated Parents by Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Service Provision

ABSTRACT

Incarcerated parents have complex life histories that often remain unresolved during incarceration, can continue to create barriers to prosocial success on release, and present similar intergenerational challenges for their children. This study examines the life histories of incarcerated fathers and mothers from the Pacific Northwest and how their experiences vary based on race and ethnicity. Five areas examined were exposure to trauma, child welfare involvement, mental health and substance abuse problems, juvenile justice and adult criminal justice involvement, and intergenerational criminal justice involvement. The sample comprised 359 incarcerated parents, and their racial/ethnic composition was 59% White, 14% African American, 11% multiracial, 8% Native American, and 7% Latino. Few differences were found across racial and ethnic groups. Mothers appeared more similar to each other across groups than fathers. Results illustrated similarities yet some surprising differences with national trends on key study variables. Implications for future research and intervention and prevention are discussed.