大跃进中的政治变迁与文化大革命的起源

大跃进中,党取得在政治体系的绝对地位,中共政治由此在大跃进中发生三大变化。以组织、思想为取向的官僚政治的形成,使得政工干部习惯和擅长的群众动员成为中共的主要行为手段,为在文化领域革命中引入群众动员打开了缺口;之后群众动员在经济领域遭到失败,但充斥于大跃进中的乐观主义和盲目自信使得中共政治的重心转向经济领域之外,在文化领域发动革命成为可能选择。并由于大跃进的失误,党内分歧激化并公开化,而解决分歧的方式也由“文明准则”变为严厉的政治斗争,使得打击党内的“走资派”渐渐提上日程,中国政治日益偏离正常轨道。文化大革命的原因和诸多特征和内容都可在大跃进中窥见端倪。     

中国会计制度的变迁与发展

中国会计制度的社会地位是由经济制度的状况与社会进步的要求所决定的。经济体制的改革和企业经营的全球化拓展改变了我们的会计定位。会计准则的国际趋同已经或即将成为中国会计制度变迁的重要方向。     

Tobacco control and smoking cessation efforts in an inner-city African American community

This paper describes the conceptual framework that guided the development and implementation of a large-scale, community-based health initiative to lower the prevalence of smoking in an urban African American community. This project developed culturally-sensitive approaches to reducing smoking in the community and to promoting tobacco control efforts developed and implemented by community members. A randomized clinical-trial methodology was used to test the efficacy of the culturally-sensitive, community-developed smoking cessation interventions in lowering smoking rates as compared with a self-help approach. Two theoretical models guided the intervention strategies: a macro-level model applicable to the community as a whole, and a psychological process model applicable to individuals. The community model was based on community systems theory and incorporated the Readiness for Change Model, which was applied in both the individual and organizational models. In addition, culturally-sensitive data collection methods were developed to improve the reliability and validity of project data, especially in determining the smoking prevalence rates and smoking behaviors of hard-to-reach, inner-city African Americans. Since the health of individuals is related to the health of their communities, smoking cessation and tobacco control activities that are integrated into the framework of the community (i.e., churches, city-council, housing developments, community organizations), and incorporate culturally-relevant and specific interventions can be effective methods for achieving behavioral and societal change.     

茅盾作家论之流变刍议

在茅盾长达半个世纪的文学评论活动中,作家论型文学批评的创作为后世文学发展确立了一定的规范,具有鲜明的个人特色和深远的影响。通过对茅盾的七篇作家论及其创作背景的分析,不但可以辨析这种文体的演进过程,而且能够体现茅盾文学思想逐步溶入左翼主流文学的过程。     

TESTS FOR SEASONAL DIFFERENCING WITH AN UNKNOWN BREAK-POINT

Some Lagrange multiplier tests for seasonal differencing are proposed; their main objective is to avoid over-differencing due to structural change. The null hypothesis is either the presence of both regular and seasonal unit roots or the presence of a seasonal unit root. Alternative hypotheses allow for stationarity around a possible structural change where the break-point is unknown. The location of the structural change is estimated using the proposed procedures, the asymptotic distribution of the test statistics under the null hypothesis is derived and some useful percentiles are tabulated. An illustrative example based on the Canadian Consumer Price Index is presented.     

Estimation in the multipath change point problem for correlated data

In many experiments, several measurements on the same variable are taken over time, a geographic region, or some other index set. It is often of interest to know if there has been a change over the index set in the parameters of the distribution of the variable. Frequently, the data consist of a sequence of correlated random variables, and there may also be several experimental units under observation, each providing a sequence of data. A problem in ascertaining the boundaries between the layers in geological sedimentary beds is used to introduce the model and then to illustrate the proposed methodology. It is assumed that, conditional on the change point, the data from each sequence arise from an autoregressive process that undergoes a change in one or more of its parameters. Unconditionally, the model then becomes a mixture of nonstationary autoregressive processes. Maximum-likelihood methods are used, and results of simulations to evaluate the performance of these estimators under practical conditions are given.     

关于平均主义与社会公正的研究

本文结合新制度经济学的相关研究成果,分析了平均主义和社会公正的本质和由来,认为正确地认识平均主义和社会公正,有助于解决诸如腐败、两极分化、弱势群体等前进中所存在的一些问题,有助于社会主义市场经济的建立和“小康社会”的全面建设。     

Watching Dutch Change: A Real Time Study of Variation and Change in Standard Dutch Pronunciation

The study investigates phonological variation and change in two varieties of standard Dutch: southern standard Dutch (spoken in Flanders, the northern part of Belgium) and northern standard Dutch (spoken in the Netherlands). A new source for studying language change in progress is introduced: archived recordings of radio broadcasts. The study covers the period from 1935 to 1993. Changes in progress are studied by a combination of insight and techniques from historical linguistics and sociolinguistics. The outcomes of analyzing separate linguistic variables are presented, but the focus of the analysis is on the presence of more general patterns of covariation within the set of linguistic variables and on the possibility of distinguishing (prototypical) temporal and community-based varieties of standard Dutch. The results reveal a pattern of divergence between the two varieties of standard Dutch. The southern variety remained more or less stable between 1935 and 1993. Northern standard Dutch, however, changed substantially.     

农村家庭养老责任人的制度支持要素及其功能

家庭子女是农村养老行为责任实际承担者的观念认知,既是村落共识也是国家规定。 农村家庭养老责任制度由规制性、规范性和文化—认知性三个基础要素构成,其分别通过监督惩戒、价值导向、传递内化机制互为补充合力支持家庭养老责任人践行养老行为。 在农村关于家庭养老责任人的制度变迁过程中,规制性要素的制度支持日趋完善,但规范性与文化—认知要素的支持功效出现衰萎。 未来的农村养老,首先面临的就是责任人数量减少,养老负担加重的问题;养老的制度支持及其方式调整终将成为我国农村社会的“公众议题冶,需要国家与社会未雨绸缪。     

域外国家应对气候变化地方立法实践及中国借鉴

在应对气候变化问题上,国际社会逐渐由政策行动向立法路径转变。中国作为世界最大的温室气体排放国,进行专门立法是提高国家应对气候变化能力的重要举措。在实施路径上,可以考虑首先推动我国地方省市应对气候变化立法先行先试,在借鉴美国、澳大利亚等发达国家地方立法经验的基础上,我国各省市可以根据地方实际,率先进行综合型、减缓型或适应型应对气候变化立法模式选择,确立总体立法框架和监管体制,并进行专项制度与保障机制设计。