The duty to care and the need to split

This paper arises out of psychoanalytically oriented consultancy to teams of staff in the helping professions where there is a statutory 'duty to care'. It takes as its premise the seemingly paradoxical hypothesis that workers may need to split off part of their emotional experience in order to preserve their own mental health and provide reliable services to their clients. I argue that while a professional 'duty to care' requires us to be emotionally 'in touch', the demands of our clients together with the demands of the institutional response to the 'duty to care' cause us to split off parts of our awareness. I also argue that provided the splitting does not become extreme we are doing no more or less than the rest of society. In other words, there is a degree of 'normal splitting' which numbs our awareness of danger and destructiveness and seeks to protect us from too much anxiety and pain. Yet if professional workers are charged with the responsibility of assessing risk and acting accordingly for the protection of all concerned they need ways of being 'in touch' (re-integrating the splits) for some or enough of the time. Finally, I will describe ways of being 'in touch', illustrating the difficulty and the pain of re-integrating the splits and some of the insights that can arise out of this work with examples from my consultancy work.     

竞争市场中生产与碳交易策略

在碳排放约束下,利用动态古诺模型,分析厂商如何优化产量、交易碳排放权的规模、净化节约额以实现利润最大化的问题,得到相应的均衡量和各阶段最优量,并给出竞争市场中的企业减排策略以及政府的行为和碳排放权价格对企业减排策略的影响,阐述在竞争市场中减排和碳排放权交易的运行机制。研究发现: 双寡头竞争市场中存在均衡状态;在减排率较低时,制造上获得最高利润,而企业追求过高的减排率将会导致过分依赖碳减排市场而获得较低的利润;制造商应该适时低价购入过量碳排放权,而在高价时卖出多余的碳排放权,以充分利用碳排放权市场以增加利润降低成本;制造商的利润会随着政府碳排放权分配系数的增加而增加。     

晚清四川鸦片贸易及其相关问题研究

晚清时期,受鸦片暴利的驱使,四川省广种鸦片,川土的销售和消费都很旺盛,烟土税也成为全省重要的财政来源之一.但旺盛的鸦片生产和贸易严重干扰了人们的正常生产和生活秩序,引起了乡村地区生产结构的巨大变动,使经济与社会发展更趋畸形,因而四川也成为了禁烟的重点省份.经过几届政府官吏的努力,四川省的鸦片在清朝覆灭前几乎禁绝,有力地维护了社会正义,但也使当时一些农民的生计受到影响.     

90年代后期中越经贸关系及其发展前景

中国同越南之间的经贸联系自古已经开始 ,两国的民间贸易往来十分频繁 ,但受各种因素的影响 ,两国的官方贸易发展缓慢。 1991年中越关系正常化后 ,双方的贸易关系开始迅速发展 ,正规贸易额基本呈直线上升趋势 ,但客观来讲 ,仍未达到应有的水平 ,特别是与两国日益强化的政治关系相比较为滞后。如何改变这种状况 ,一直是两国政府十分关注的议题。目前 ,随着双方政治关系的不断发展 ,加强经贸领域的合作已逐步提到议事日程。其实 ,中越双方在经贸领域有着十分有利的合作条件 ,只要双方相互重视 ,诚意合作 ,共同努力 ,相信中越经贸合作的前景是良好的。     

基于双边减排成本信息不对称的排污权二级交易市场拍卖机制研究

本文构建了一个基于双边减排成本信息不对称的排污权二级交易市场拍卖模型,分析了统一价格、歧视价格及混合拍卖机制下卖方收益、排污权价格波动及排污权供给量差异,在此基础上给出了排污权二级交易市场最优拍卖机制,并进一步讨论了相关参数对最优拍卖机制的影响。结果表明：从收益最大化角度来看,最优的拍卖机制为歧视价格拍卖机制,但考虑到价格波动及排污权供给量等其他因素,排污权二级市场交易应选用混合拍卖机制。风险偏好变化对混合拍卖机制下卖方收益及价格波动的影响存在不确定性,当风险偏好超过某一阈值时,随着风险偏好程度增大,需求隐蔽效应占主导,收益及价格波动增大;相反,当风险偏好小于某一阈值时,随着风险偏好程度增大,竞争效应占主导,收益及价格波动减小。价格变动的供给影响系数对卖方收益的影响随买方参与人数的不同而不同。当买方参与人数较小时,需求隐蔽效应占主导,竞争效应不明显,随着价格变动的供给影响系数增大,混合拍卖机制下卖方的收益不断增加;当买方参与人数较大时,卖方收益同时受到需求隐蔽和竞争效应影响,随着价格变动的供给影响系数增大,收益呈先增大后减小趋势。随着价格变动的供给影响系数增大,价格波动呈先增大后减小趋势。     

彝族历史上的商品交易习惯法探析

彝族人民在长期的生活和交易活动中逐步形成了一系列商品交易“习惯法”,这些规则的产生经历了从偶然的以物易物 到集市、集会贸易的发展过程。彝区的商品交易可以分为援助式交换、访问式交换、传讯式交换三类,其适用的情形和对应的 规则各有特点。彝汉之间开展族际交易,则以“惹求”制、“投保”制最具特色。近代以来的鸦片贸易,是彝族奴隶社会规模最 大、最典型的商品贸易,它虽扩大了商品交换的规模,刺激了经济的发展,但也导致了彝区社会畸变。     

Farmers,trust, and the market solution to water pollution: The role of social embeddedness in water quality trading

Water quality trading (WQT) is a market arrangement in which a point-source water polluter pays farmers to implement conservation practices and claims the resulting benefits as credits toward meeting a pollution permit. Success rates of WQT programs nationwide are highly variable. Most of the literature on WQT is from an economic perspective emphasizing property rights, transaction costs, and the role of the price signal, but this institutional approach cannot fully account for the differential success rates between and within WQT programs. In this paper I turn to the role of social embeddedness and trust in helping explain these variable outcomes. Using interview data from all WQT programs nationwide I demonstrate that differential success rates between, and particularly within programs is largely determined by the presence or absence of a trusted local intermediary with relationships to the farming community. Trust helps WQT programs succeed because it makes information more credible to farmers, makes outreach to farmers more efficient, and buffers the risk that farmers may perceive in participating in the trading scheme.     

上海生态文明建设的激励和约束机制研究

生态文明建设是一项系统工程,需要通过整体推进,构筑规划、建设、管理、技术、产业、社会和合作协同发展的综合体系。未来上海应以建立和完善市场机制为核心,以法律机制为前提,以政府监管机制为保障,以能力建设机制为基础,以社会参与机制为监督,按照"引逼结合、多方合力、突出重点、先行先试"的原则,加快上海生态文明建设机制创新。主要途径有:完善碳排放交易试点,建立长效市场机制;推进分布式能源应用,提高清洁能源比重;加快新能源汽车推广,优化交通能源结构;培育发展再制造产业,推广先进制造理念。     

论促进山东半岛蓝色经济区建设的财产权路径——以温室气体排放权交易为视角

温室气体排放权是在指定时期内排放一定数量温室气体的权利,它也是一项财产权。温室气体排放权交易分为总量控制型交易与基线和信用型交易两类。温室气体排放权交易不仅可以有效地降低碳减排的成本,还可以催生新的经济增长点——碳汇经济。在山东半岛蓝色经济区推行温室气体排放权交易,既可以引导产业结构向低碳转型,又可以创新海洋经济的发展模式,应选择基线和信用型交易的模式。通过创建温室气体排放权交易市场,为山东半岛蓝色经济区海洋碳汇经济的发展提供平台。     

公共资源交易法律制度改革研究——以我国首部地方公共资源交易立法为例

我国现行的公共资源交易体制存在着诸多问题,需要改革相关的法律制度进行规范。文章客观评价了合肥市公共资源交易法律制度改革,提出公共资源交易法律规制改革应当遵守的原则以及相关制度完善的建议,以期合肥市能构建统一公共资源交易市场,建立统一交易规则,提高公共服务水平,创新监管制度和监管措施。