Victim or Whore: The Similarities and Differences between Victim's Experiences of Domestic Violence and Sex Trafficking

This research review addresses the similarities and differences between domestic violence and sex trafficking victimization. While there is evidence that domestic violence and sex trafficking often co-occur, there is a large disparity in the understanding and interventions utilized by law enforcement as well as the services available for victims of each crime despite the considerable overlap of victimization. This article explores current research regarding domestic violence and sex trafficking with a focus towards identifying areas of overlap and areas distinct to sex trafficking.     

Violence in Predominantly White Institutions of Higher Education

Abstract

This chapter examines the patterns of violence associated with the tenure process for the African American professor in traditionally white higher education institutions. In this article, violence is examined in the context of its psychological and demeaning effects. The following dimensions are reviewed: recruitment of African American faculty; the review process for tenure; the politics of tenure; socialization and orientation of faculty; junior faculty as victims and tenure denial. Intervention strategies for addressing the problems of violence are recommended.     

Towards ‘New Emotional Movements’? A Comparative Exploration into a Specific Movement Type

In this article we broaden the scope of earlier research that established a theoretical specificity for the Belgian ‘White March’ and ‘White Movement’, by comparing them to three similar movements and mobilizations that were also triggered by random violence. The comparisons suggest that we are dealing with a new type of social movement and mobilization, preliminarily referred to as ‘new emotional movements’. The three other cases under study are the ‘Snowdrop Campaign’ in the UK, the ‘Million Mom March’ in the US and the ‘Movement against Senseless Violence’ in the Netherlands. Four important features seem to characterize all cases: the central role of emotions and victimization in the mobilization and development of the movement; broad elite support; organizational weakness; and extensive media support. We distinguish two sub-types of new emotional movements: (1) an instrumental variant with clear-cut aims and demands; and (2) an identity variant with displays of solidarity and compassion as the main constitutive elements. In both cases the initiators lack prior organizational experience and the absence of mobilizing organizations is compensated for by mass media support. In the instrumental sub-type neither the victims nor their relatives take the initiative but lend support and give approval to amateur entrepreneurs. The main mobilizing emotion appears to be fear about the possibility of personal suffering, and this emotion is reflected in the formulation of clear-cut demands for the future prevention of similar events. This instrumentality results in elite support being considerably broad, yet partisan. In contrast, the victims themselves take the initiative in the identity variant, causing the movement to remain more or less without specific demands but ensuring a broad support that is not bounded by party lines.     

论刑事未成年被害人救济体系的建构

刑事未成年被害人遭受不法侵害后,往往得不到有效的赔偿,其合法权益难以得到有效维护。为了解决这一问题,许多国家对此都作出了努力,构建了多元化、系统化的救济模式。致力于建构和谐社会的中国,也应顺应这一潮流,根据我国法制现状,构建以被告人的赔偿为基础,国家补偿、司法救助和法律援助并行发展的多元化的被害人救济机制。     

论侦查阶段中的三方利益

利益基于需要而产生,刑事诉讼中的需要是一种角色需要。侦查机关、犯罪嫌疑人及被害人在侦查阶段的角色需要不同,由此导致利益追求的不同。侦查阶段中的三方是兼顾型、协调型和附加条件的对立或和解型利益关系。     

理论刑法向经验刑法的迈进——刑事和解视野下被害人地位的补足

在“国家-犯罪人”二元模式下,刑事和解提供提升和补足被害人地位的契机,被害人也应从幕后走向台前。刑事和解不应局限于侵犯个人法益的犯罪,侵犯公共法益的犯罪也具有刑事和解的正当性和必要性。同时,树立赔偿的惩罚机能和赎罪性质对于正确看待“以钱买刑”具有重要意义。刑事和解对于刑法理论的最大贡献在于从经验中推动刑法的迈进,纯理论的思辨刑法必将成为历史,未来的刑法将是充满活力的经验刑法。由经验到规范,实践经验与刑法规范的互动牵引着刑法的发展。     

Family Characteristics and Traumatic Consequences Associated with the Duration and Frequency of Sexual Assault

The objective of this study was to analyse the relationship between family characteristics and the trauma associated with the duration and frequency of sexual assault on child survivors in the state of Sabah, Malaysia. Eighty children who reported sexual assault through a one stop crisis centre in an urban hospital were studied. The main research instrument used was adapted from the trauma symptoms checklist for children. The results of the study show that there are significant differences between the symptoms of trauma of victims according to the frequency of sexual assault, but not according to its duration. Social workers need both to understand and to take note of the relationship of the variables of family characteristics, frequency of sexual assault and trauma effects on the victims in their intervention work with child sexual assault survivors who report having been abused. The implications of these findings are discussed in the context of providing crisis intervention by social workers in Malaysia for child victims of sexual assault.     

论被害人陈述的法律地位

被害人在刑事诉讼中所同时具备的当事人角色与实质证人角色之间的冲突,是所有当事人证据都存在的普遍性问题,并不足以否定被害人陈述作为证据的适格性。由于被害人在公诉案件审判程序中并不具备独立的控诉职能,因此相关之角色紧张在一定程度上得以缓和。在我国刑事证据制度构筑封闭式的证据分类体系的情况下,人证及当事人证据在分类逻辑上的要求,决定了被害人陈述不仅是适格的诉讼证据,而且构成独立的法定证据种类。     

被害人利益的维度考量之刑法意义思考——以亲告罪为视角

随着"被害人学"的勃兴,被害人的主体地位、权利救济等在刑事政策的变迁中得到彰显,由此影响到刑事立法对被害人利益的尊重与考量。反观我国刑法,除了亲告罪,几乎没有对被害人主体利益特别是自我决定的尊重与保护,这不利于扩张刑法的法益保护机能与贯彻刑法谦抑性理念。为了让被害人利益在我国刑法中得到彰显,不仅要在完善亲告罪立法体例基础上适度扩张其适用范围,还要对被害人承诺进行适度的法定化,明确被害人承诺的概念,并就被害人对身体健康权的承诺进行限定,以与新增设的组织出卖人体器官罪的设置保持协调。     

无近亲属受害人之死亡赔偿请求权

无近亲属或近亲属不明的受害人被伤害致死,其生前所欠医疗费、护理费、交通费、住宿费的债权人,得向加害人行使具有物权性的追偿权;有权接受其遗产者得提出误工费、死亡补偿费赔偿;料理死者后事者享有丧葬费等费用请求权;与受害人间无法定权利义务的扶养人、被扶养人有权享有属于遗产部分的请求权.死亡赔偿是加害人必须承担的责任,国家接受死亡赔偿具有正当性,民政部门作为请求权人具有妥当性.立法建议民政部门接受赔偿后,代为支付上述费用后,所余归国家所有.