Not just hot air: normative codes of conduct induce cooperative behavior

The shirking incentives arising within team production are in general counteracted by monitoring and sanctioning. However, these mechanisms are usually associated with high monitoring costs and cannot be applied to all parts of the production process. In a laboratory experiment we analyze the impact of less costly elements of organizational structure, such as normative codes of conduct and screening tests, on team production efficiency. We find that more allusions to a firm context lead to higher contributions. In particular, codes of conduct significantly increase cooperation and at the same time reduce free-riding behavior. Our study provides empirical evidence that normative codes of conduct are an effective means of increasing team production efficiency.

Is failure to raise concerns about misconduct a breach of integrity? Researchers’ reflections on reporting misconduct

This article describes and discusses the views of researchers on the significance of raising concerns about scientific misconduct in their work environment and the reasons or circumstances that might deter them from doing so. In this exploratory qualitative research study, we conducted in-depth interviews with 33 researchers working in life sciences and medicine. They represent three seniority levels and five universities across Switzerland. A large majority of respondents in this research study argued that failure to raise concerns about scientific misconduct compromises research integrity. This is an encouraging result demonstrating that researchers try to adhere to high ethical standards. However, further interaction with respondents highlighted that this correct ethical assessment does not lead researchers to take the consequent action of raising concerns. The factors that discourage researchers from raising concerns need to be addressed at the level of research groups, institutions, and by setting a positive precedent which helps them to believe in the system’s ability to investigate concerns raised in a timely and professional manner. Training of researchers in research integrity related issues will have limited utility unless it is coupled with the creation of research culture where raising concerns is a standard practice of scientific and research activities.     

人才和智力资源转化为现实生产力的实现途径新探——以江苏省金坛市为例

构筑区域竞争力新优势关键在于将人才和智力资源转化为现实生产力。金坛市针对经济社会发展中人才供求矛盾,从创造有利于人才成长与发展的环境入手,以舆论导向和组织推进为动力,广泛招贤纳才;以人才和智力资源优化配置为基点,强化特色技能培训促创业带就业;以发挥领军型人才作用,进一步提升整体人才队伍的创新能力;以人力资本优先积累为发展目标,建立与产业升级相适应的人才分布新格局,通过人才优势赢得经济社会发展领先。     

专业主义视域下的关联专业群体间互动行为及其规范探索——以民航飞行具与空中交通管制具为例

关联专业群体问的互动行为通过相互关联的专业群体成员问的“参与协商”互动迭成均衡。由于互动双方拥有对等的不对称专业知识和信息,因而在互动过程中产生对等的机会主义倾向和行为的可能性大大增加,从而对客户或公众的感知和评价产生负面效应。有必要在互动中遵循专业主义意识形态下的互动伦理议题,规范互动双方的行为,消除理性行为选择的负面效用。     

Mental Health and HIV Risk Among African American Adolescents

Summary

The family system is integral to adolescent mental health and HIV risk. However, few studies have addressed family variables and adolescent outcomes among African American families. This study tested a longitudinal model of parenting, adolescent mental health, and adolescent HIV risk, among a community sample of low-income, urban African American families from the Collaborative HIV prevention and AdolescentMental Health Project (CHAMP). Consistent with general adolescent population data, we expected less parental monitoring, greater psychological control and less positive parenting to increase risk for adolescent depression and conduct problems. We hypothesized that these variables would in turn increase rates of HIV risk. We followed one hundred and thirty-four African American youth and theirmaternal caregivers as part of the CHAMP project. Study variables included: positive parenting, parental monitoring, psychological control, adolescent distress, conduct problems, and recent HIV risk. We examined the relationship among these variables via longitudinal path analysis. Age was strongly associated with increased adolescent HIV risk. Contrary to hypotheses, more parental psychological control was marginally associated with less HIV risk, while positive parenting was marginally associated with greater HIV risk. Adolescent depression was associated with more conduct problems, but unrelated to HIV risk. Thus, parenting practices generally considered negative might actually be protective among some lower SES African American families. This underscores the importance of extending studies of family context and adolescent risk behaviors to diverse social and ethnic groups. Designing prevention programs for diverse groups will require articulating culturally specific effects for different parenting practice.     

Playing,Sitting Out,and Observing the Game: An Investigation of Faculty Members’ Perspectives on Political Behavior in Ethical Decision Making

Ethical dilemmas are inherently ambiguous, complex, and ill-defined. Additionally, these dilemmas involve multiple stakeholders. These characteristics may induce political behavior as a resolution tactic. Thus, the goal of the present effort was to investigate perspectives on politics among researchers in an ethical decision-making context. A qualitative analysis of interviews with university faculty members revealed that faculty members’ perspectives on political behavior in an ethical decision-making context fall into a number of categories, including positive, negative, and realistic views of political activity. The implications of these varying perspectives on ethical decision making are discussed.     

Infusing Research Integrity Principles and Practices into a Regional Master's Degree–Intensive University: A Case Study

The need for institutions of higher education to advance research and scholarly integrity across graduate degree programs involves a strong commitment from each institution to develop a comprehensive approach for promoting responsible conduct of research (RCR). In response to this need, one master's-intensive regional university implemented a three-tier model project (focusing, developing, and evaluating/sustaining) for infusing research integrity principles and practices while promoting RCR. Components of the model and implementation strategies are presented as a case study analysis. Implications of the model for promoting the RCR are projected relative to graduate programs focused on applied research.     

论英美刑法注意义务的理论嬗变

在英美法系国家刑法中,注意义务理论经历了相当注意说、客观主义的行为标准说、主观主义的注意义务说三种学说.认真研究这三种学说,可以使我们从不同角度更全面地认识犯罪过失的核心.     

缔约人死亡或丧失行为能力时要约承诺的效力

我国法律未明文规定要约人或受要约人在缔约过程中死亡或丧失行为能力时,要约或承诺的效力是否受影响.根据比较法的对比分析和理论研究,应区分要约或承诺是否具有人身专属性、要约人或受要约人有无相反意思等特殊情形而定要约或承诺的效力.从立法论上看,要约或承诺的效力一般不受要约人或受要约人死亡或丧失行为能力影响的规则应在我国法律上确立下来.     

大学生就业工作与构建和谐校园的关系

针对目前大学生就业难的问题,分析了形成这种现状的原因,并从制度和具体举措等方面对加强和改进大学生就业工作进行了探讨,通过加强高校学生素质教育,积极引导毕业生树立正确的择业观,养成良好的就业心态等措施,促进大学生就业工作顺利发展,构建和谐校园。