Simulation study of wildlife density estimators

Estimators of the mean individual calling rate and density of a wildlife population in a fixed area are derived on the basis of aural information ob-tained by a listener within the fixed area. An estimator of density assuming known calling probabilities and independent callers is minimum variance un-biased. Estimators of density based on unknown calling probabilities are derived under the assumption of independent callers and a Poisson distribu-tion of calls for each caller. The effectiveness and robustness of the estimators are investigated by simulation     

广州市野生动物食用状况调查统计分析

采取随机取样方式,就野生动物的食用状况对广州市１０００市民进行了问卷调查．用ＦｏｘＰｒｏ５．０软件,依据不同年龄、不同职业,对“是否吃过野生动物”、“吃野生动物是否对生态环境造成破坏”等问卷回答进行了统计,并针对统计结果进行了分析、讨论,提出了加强野生动物宣传、保护和管理的措施与建议．     

我国野生动物贸易统计现状与对策建议

随着我国社会主义市场经济的形成和逐步完善，以及改革开放的深入发展，野生动物贸易在我国政治、经济、文化、环境等各个领域所发挥的重要作用正日渐突出。虽然我国野生动物贸易由来已久，但却一直没有形成一套科学的统计方法和完整的指标体系，也没有独立的职能机构开展详细的野生动物贸易统计工作，严重影响了野生动物的有效保护与可持续利用。该文较为详细地介绍了野生动物贸易统计工作中有关统计机构、统计方法和统计指标方面的现状，指出了野生动物贸易统计工作存在的问题，最后提出了实现野生动物贸易可持续发展的相关对策建议     

生命共同体视域下的动物伦理

生命共同体是习近平总书记立足我国当前亟须破解的生态难题,着眼于中华民族永续发展的历史新高度而提出的伟大思想体系。生命共同体思想具体可分为三个方面:人与自然和谐共荣的生态自然观、整体系统的生态治理观、科学的生态发展观,这三个方面都饱含动物伦理思想。动物伦理学起源于西方,可以大致分为动物机械论、动物同情论、动物福利论、动物权利论和动物解放论;但是,早在春秋战国时期,动物伦理思想就已经在以儒、释、道等为主的哲学和宗教中了。西方动物伦理学晚于中国古代动物伦理思想,但在动物伦理实践应用方面西方更早、更全面。2020年初,随着新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情的暴发,我国在正确认识人与自然的关系、野生动物等自然资源的合理利用、生态环境的整体性修复等动物伦理实践应用方面的不足再次显现出来。生命共同体思想对新时代我国动物伦理的实践应用有着重要的指导作用。本文以生命共同体思想的三个方面为研究对象,对生命共同体思想与近现代西方动物伦理的共识和与中国古代动物伦理的渊源进行了研究;在此基础上,对生命共同体思想如何指导新时代我国野生动物保护、实现生态整体性治理、推进绿色经济发展进行了有益的探讨。     

A model of collaborative programming to address wildlife issues: The northeast wildlife damage management research and outreach cooperative

Wildlife abundance has grown for several species that are adapted to human-dominated landscapes. Overabundant wildlife may cause nuisance concerns and property damage, or spread zoonotic diseases such as West Nile virus, particularly at the suburban-rural interface of many communities. Consequently, wildlife damage management has become an important component of the wildlife profession. The complicated biological and human dimensions of human-wildlife conflicts often require partnerships between state and federal agencies, universities, local governments, communities, and private wildlife control professionals. The Northeast Wildlife Damage Management Research and Outreach Cooperative (WDM Coop) was formed to enhance coordination and collaboration among wildlife agencies, universities, and other cooperators to promote consistent, multi-state approaches for resolving wildlife-related concerns. During 2001–2004, 12 projects have been funded to examine issues associated with white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), black bear (Ursus americanus), Canada geese (Branta canadensis), and beaver (Castor canadensis). These projects have focused on a diverse array topics from community-based efforts to control deer populations, to aversive conditioning techniques for black bears. The Northeast Fish and Wildlife Agency Directors decided to exclude projects focusing on zoonotic diseases and human health issues from the list of WDM Coop activities. There have been focused efforts concerning human dimensions inquiry and outreach publications for wildlife management professionals. As state fish and wildlife agency budgets grow tighter and staff numbers are reduced, we believe more regional centers or wildlife management cooperatives will be formed to meet the increasing demand for services from multiple states with shared issues and concerns.     

Comparing the efficacy of electronic-tablet to paper-based surveys for on-site survey administration

This study compares cost, completion times, and percent completion of electronic tablet (n = 244) to paper-based (n = 398) questionnaires administered to participants of scenic raft trips on the Snake River, Grand Teton National Park. We hypothesized e-tablet questionnaires would (1) cost less (2) be completed faster and (3) be completely filled more frequently than paper-based questionnaires. Our survey resulted in a greater per unit cost of e-tablet compared to paper-based questionnaires ($4.17 and $1.80, respectively). Although e-tablets were completed faster (230 [±66] s) than paper questionnaires (235 [±57] s), the difference was not significant (t₍₆₄₁₎ = 1.97, p = 0.39). E-tablets were filled completely more frequently than paper questionnaires (80% vs. 51%, respectively; χ² = 3.84, p < 0.01). We suggest that for multi-year projects with a sample size target of ≥100, and length ≥ 5 pages, e-tablets are more cost effective and efficient than paper-based surveys.     

National Park Policy and Wildlife Problems in Nepal and Bhutan

In this paper the National Park policies of the two Himalayan Kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan are put in a complementary perspective. It aims at investigating the effects of national parks, established by initiatives based on a global discourse having evolved from economically developed countries, on food sufficiency and economic security of the people living in these protected areas. The history and socio-economic perspectives of these policies in general and recently emerging wildlife problems in particular are highlighted. The administrative and financial capacities of both countries turn out not to be adequate to meet emerging stress in the sphere of protecting nature, and wildlife in particular. To meet the goal of integrating prospects of human survival and the conservation of habitats for rare plants and animals locally accepted and appropriate ways of management have to be developed. The management of protected areas in Nepal and Bhutan shows a rather poor capacity or a low degree of acceptance on the side of government administration. The daily life of farmers in protected areas is threatened either by policing or abundance of wildlife and inadequate measures to assist the local population to overcome the shortcomings of nature conservation administration. Compensation schemes for wildlife damages, for instance, could be a helpful instrument to meet ambitious schemes to protect nature and relief the local population in remote areas of least developed countries, where means to make a living from other than subsistence farming are not easily available.     

野生动物寄生虫学教学的实践与探索

野生动物寄生虫学在培养野生动物疾病防治专业人才方面起着重要作用,通过对野生动物寄生虫学教学的改进和实践,发现遵循将动物生态学的知识充分融入该门课程等教学规律,可显著提高教学效果。     

16至18世纪的英国生态:问题、认识与行动

工业革命前,英国的生态问题已显现出来。16-18世纪,英国的生态问题主要有:森林覆盖率锐减,野生动物减少,湿地面积下降。导致上述问题的原因多是人类社会发展的后果。此时,人们开始以变化的态度认识和理解自然,日益注意保护自然和野生动物。政府和有识之士采取一些补救和保护措施,虽说相当部分措施的出发点是为保护贵族地主财产权利,但客观上起到恢复和保护生态的作用。     

Impact of Changing Cropping Patterns on Man-Animal Conflicts Around Gir Protected Area with Specific Reference to Talala Sub-District, Gujarat, India

We analyzed the escalating man-animal conflict due to changing cropping pattern in Talala sub-district on the periphery of Gir National Park and Sanctuary (GNPS), Gujarat, India. Sugarcane and mango cultivation has increased by 87% and 103% respectively within eight years from 1992 to 1999. Straying of lions (Panthera leo persica) and leopards (Panthera pardus) increased to 55% and 46% respectively from 1997 to 1999. Significant correlations between the increases in sugarcane cultivation and mango orchard with straying of lions (r = +0.827, df 2) and leopards (r = +0.981, df 2) were observed. From 1990 to 1998, of the total of 11 lions rescued, eight (72%) were from farmlands and of 32 leopards rescued, ten (31%) were from farmland. Ten lions (91%) and five leopards (41%) were found dead in farmlands. Thirteen lion attacks (72%) took place in farmlands, of which 10 were specifically reported, from sugarcane and mango cultivation. Fifty-nine percent of the leopard attacks (resulting in four deaths) were recorded from farmlands. Livestock kills taking place in farmland have increased by 150% within two years from 1998 to 1999. Sugarcane and groundnut cultivation in the adjoining areas also suffer from damage due to increased movement of wild ungulates and wildboar.