The behavioral response of basking Northern water (Nerodia sipedon) and Eastern garter (Thamnophis sirtalis) snakes to pedestrians in a New Jersey park

Considerable attention has been devoted to the effects of people on birds and mammals, usually in wilderness or semiwilderness, but relatively little has been directed at reptiles in heavily populated areas. This paper examines the role of investigators and pedestrians on Northern water (Nerodia sipedon) and Eastern garter (Thamnophis sirtalis) snakes basking along a canal in New Jersey. The protocol involved 1–3 investigators approaching snakes that were basking between a path and the Raritan Canal. Investigators walked along the path until they were perpendicular to the snake, observed them for 60 seconds, and then approached them directly. Nearly 40% of the variability in distance to first respond for water snakes (N = 135) was accounted for by distance the snake was from the path, number of observers, and number of people currently using the trail, while 27% of the variability in time to respond was accounted for by number of observers, distance to path and water, and air temperature. There was no significant model for garter snakes (N = 33). Nearly 30% of water snakes, but only 5% of garter snakes, responded during the approach of an observer, and another 32% of water and 45% of garter snakes responded within the first minute of stopping on the trail nearest to them. Water snakes responded when the observer was farther away from them than did garter snakes. As the number of pedestrians on the path increased, water snakes responded when people were farther from them, but there were no differences for garter snakes in response distance. These data indicate differences in response, with water snakes responding sooner than garter snakes. Few garter snakes responded when they were over 150 cm from the path, while a quarter of the water snakes responded when they were from 200 to 300 cm from the path, suggesting that paths should be at least 400 cm from water, providing safe basking sites for water snakes. Further, the data indicate that walking past snakes without stopping results in less disturbance than stopping to watch them.     

我国走私野生动物犯罪的现状及防控

在经济全球化的大趋势影响下，我国走私野生动物犯罪数量逐年攀升，尤其是自20世纪90年代末以来，我国已由走私野生动物的输出国转化为输入国。犯罪团伙、犯罪集团等共同犯罪逐渐成为我国走私野生动物犯罪的主要形式。为有效遏制走私野生动物犯罪，要改善林区农民的生活水平、提高他们法律意识等措施，从源头上预防走私野生动物犯罪的发生，整合森林公安、海关、反洗钱等执法资源，提高预防与控制走私野生动物犯罪的效率，同时还需要加强森林公安与国外相关执法机构及野生动物保护组织的协作，以有效遏制与打击走私野生动物犯罪。     

Suburban wildlife: Lessons,challenges, and opportunities

The United States, as well as most developed and many developing nations worldwide, is becoming increasingly urban and suburban.Although urban, suburban, and commercial development account for less than one percent to just over 20% of land use among states, 50–90% of the residents of those states can be classified as urban or suburban dwellers. The population of the U.S. as a whole has risen from being > 95% rural in the 1790s to about 80% urban-suburban today. With these changes in land use and demographic patterns come changes in values and attitudes; many urbanites and suburbanites view wildlife and nature differently than rural residents. These are among the challenges faced by wildlife biologists and natural resource managers in a rapidly urbanizing world. In 2003, we convened a symposium to discuss issues related to suburban wildlife. The papers presented in this special issue of Urban Ecosystems address the lessons learned from the early and recently rapidly expanding literature, the challenges we face today, and the opportunities that can help deal with what is one of the biggest challenges to conservation in a modernizing world.     

Urban wildlife ecology and conservation:A brief history of the discipline

Urban wildlife ecology and conservation is a discipline worldwide in scope. Although some attention was given the subject in the early to mid-1900s, most activity in the field is of more recent origin. Many European countries have active programs and activities, including the United Kingdom-Man and the Biosphere (UK-MAB) Urban Forum and The Wildlife Trusts of England, the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization's MAB Program, and urban ecology research in Germany and Poland. The Netherlands' concept of “ecological landscapes” introduced a new approach to design of urban open space. Durban, South Africa followed with “D'MOSS,” a metropolitan open space system founded on the principles of island biogeography theory. The park connector network of Singapore combines principles of conservation biology and landscape planning. Urban wildlife programs and activities exist in the United States at the federal, state, and local levels as well as in private conservation organizations. The Wildlife Society established an Urban Affairs and Regional Planning Committee in the mid-1970s that later became the Urban Wildlife Committee and then evolved into the Urban Wildlife Working Group. Urban wildlife research is providing knowledge of wildlife and plant populations and communities in urban areas that hopefully will lead to better understanding and greater sustainability of urban ecosystems.     

世界野生动物贸易统计方法现状分析

对野生动物贸易进行科学合理的统计有助于人们正确地了解野生动物贸易在具体时间、地点、条件下发展变化的规律，从而促进野生动物资源的可持续利用与发展。该文介绍了各国野生动物国内贸易统计现状、进出口贸易统计现状以及相关国际组织野生动物贸易统计的现状。文章着重介绍了国际贸易中通用的商品目录下的野生动物贸易的分类和《濒危野生动植物种国际贸易公约》的相关内容，并针对目前世界野生动物贸易统计的特点以及不足之处提出了相应的解决方案。     

16至18世纪的英国生态:问题、认识与行动

工业革命前,英国的生态问题已显现出来。16-18世纪,英国的生态问题主要有:森林覆盖率锐减,野生动物减少,湿地面积下降。导致上述问题的原因多是人类社会发展的后果。此时,人们开始以变化的态度认识和理解自然,日益注意保护自然和野生动物。政府和有识之士采取一些补救和保护措施,虽说相当部分措施的出发点是为保护贵族地主财产权利,但客观上起到恢复和保护生态的作用。